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动词不定式要点点拨

2020-12-23

阅读与作文(英语高中版) 2020年11期
关键词:动名词介词定语

不定式是高中英语三种非谓语动词形式之一。它主要有两种形式:带to的不定式和不带to的不定式。不定式具有动词的一些特征,有时态和语态的变化,见下表:

1. 作主语,如:

To see is to believe.眼见为实。

不定式作主语,往往用it作形式主语,真正的主语(不定式结构)放在句子的后面。如:

Its necessary to lock the car when you do not use it.不用车的时候,有必要把它锁上。

2. 作表语,如:

The important thing is to save lives.救人要紧。

3. 作宾语,如:

They demanded to be shown the authentic documents.

他们要求拿出可信的证据。

4. 作定语,不定式作定语通常放在被修饰的词后,往往表示未发生的动作,如:

The new term is coming and I have a lot of work to do. 新学期到了,我有许多事要做。

此外,不定式还可用来修饰被序数词、最高级形容词或no,all,any等限定的中心词。如:

She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.她是第一位在奥林匹克竞赛中获得金牌的女士。

He was the best man to do the job.

他是最适合做这项工作的人。

(1) 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,不定式后须有相应的介词。如:

There is nothing to worry about. 没什么好担心的。

Please give me a knife to cut with.

请给我一把切东西的刀。

但如不定式修饰的名词是time,place或way时,不定式后的介词通常省略。如:

We are looking for a place to eat.

我们正在找一个吃饭的地方。

I have no time to wait. 我没有时间等。

(2) have sth. to do 与have sth. to be done 的区别,如:

I have a lot of things to buy. (to buy动作的执行者是主语I)

Do you have anything to be bought?(to be bought动作的执行者不是主语you而是问话者)

5. 作状语,不定式可作目的状语、结果状语、原因状语、条件状语等。

(1) 作目的状语。常用结构为to do,only to do(仅仅为了),in order to do,so as to do,so(such)…as to…(如此……以便……, 通常不用于句首)。如:

He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.

他飞快地跑着以便赶上第一班车。

I come here only to say goodbye to you.

我来仅仅是向你告别的。

(2) 作结果状语(常可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果,不定式要放在句子后面)。如:

I awoke to find my trunk gone.

我醒来发现箱子不见了。

He searched the room only to find nothing.

他搜查了房间,没发现什么。

(3) 作原因状语,如:

Im glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。

She wept to see the sight.

她一看到这情形就哭了。

(4) 作条件状语,如:

He must be a fool to say so. (= He must be a fool if he says so.)

只有傻瓜才这么说(如果他这么说,他一定是个傻瓜)。

You will do well to speak more carefully. (= You will do well if you speak more carefully.)你要是说话能更注意点就好了。

6. 作补语

下列动词后常跟不定式作宾语补足语:

advise; allow; cause; challenge; command; compel; drive(驅使); enable; encourage; forbid; force; impel; induce; instruct; invite; like/love; order; permit; make; let; have; want; get; warn; persuade; request; send; tell; train; urge等。

如:

I want you to be happy.我要你幸福。

I would like you to have an opportunity to appreciate Chinese art.

我想给你一个欣赏中国艺术的机会。

下列动词后作宾补的动词往往是be:

consider; find; believe; think; declare(声称); appoint; prove; suppose; feel; understand; imagine; know; guess; fancy(设想); guess; judge等。

如:

I know this to be a fact. 我知道这是事实。

We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。

We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋。

I consider him to be too lazy. 我看他太懒了。

在consider,believe,declare,find,prove,think,imagine等之后,to be常可省去(包括在被动结构中)。如:

We believe him (to be) guilty.

He was considered (to be) too lazy.

1. 情态动词之后。

2. 使役动词 let,have,make;感官动词 see,watch,look at,notice,observe,hear,listen to,smell,feel,find 等后作宾补的不定式(注意:被动语态中不能省略 “to”)。如:

The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。

被动式:They were made to work the whole night.

3. would rather,had better后。

4. Why…/Why not…句型后。

5. help 后不定式可带to,也可不带to:help (sb.) (to) do sth.。

6. but和except前有实义动词do时,后面出现的不定式不带to。

比较:

He wants to do nothing but go out.他只想出去玩。

He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.除了吃这药,他什么都信。

7. 由and,or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to可以省去。

8. 通常在discover,imagine,suppose,think等词后作宾语补足语时,可以省去to be。如:

He is supposed (to be) nice.他应该是个好人。

“疑問词+不定式”结构在句子中起名词的作用,可作主语、表语、宾语。如:

When to start has not been decided. 何时开始还没有决定。(不定式作主语)

I asked him how to learn English. 我问他如何学英语。(不定式作宾语)

He didnt know whether to go there or not. 他不知道是否去那儿。(不定式作宾语)

The question was where to go. 问题是去哪儿。 (不定式作表语)

1. 主要有:

forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事(未做)forget doing sth. 忘记做过了某事(已做)

remember to do sth. 记住去做某事remember doing sth.记得曾做过某事

stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事stop doing sth.停止做某事

try to do sth.努力/试图做某事try doing sth.尝试着做某事

go on to do sth.(做完某事)接着做另一件事go on doing sth.继续做某事 (同一件事)

cant help to do sth.不能帮助做某事cant help doing sth.情不自禁地做某事

mean to do sth.打算做某事mean doing sth.意味着做某事

regret to do sth.遗憾地去做某事regret doing sth.后悔做了某事

2. 动词like,love,prefer后接动名词时表示是经常性的动作行为;若要表示具体的行为则常用动词不定式。如:

I like swimming,but I dont like to swim this afternoon. 我喜欢游泳,但是今天下午我不想去游泳。

3. 动名词的主动形式表被动意义。动词need,require,want表“需要”,deserve表“值得”时,常用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。

need require want deserve doing =need require want deserve to be done

如:

The window needs cleaning. (= needs to be cleaned.)

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