藏药“芒涧”基原植物及其生药学鉴别
2020-12-14朱智英贡保东知张玉英廖东波张亚梅
朱智英 贡保东知 张玉英 廖东波 张亚梅
【摘 要】 目的:对藏药“芒涧”基原植物进行调查,并对其中的熏倒牛和臭蚤草兩种植物进行生药学鉴别研究,为完善其质量标准提供依据。方法:通过文献追踪研究藏药“芒涧”基原植物,并通过性状观察、显微鉴别、HPLC等研究熏倒牛和臭蚤草生药学特性。 结果:“芒涧”基原植物在多数文献中记载不一,主要涉及巴塘紫菀、熏倒牛、臭蚤草及垂头菊属多种植物。其中臭蚤草叶全缘,瘦果近圆柱形;根横切面皮层和木质部细胞排列紧密,无裂隙;茎表皮外被腺毛和非腺毛;叶上下表皮均有2~3层厚角细胞。熏倒牛完整叶片展开为三回羽状全裂, 蒴果不开裂,种子近肾形;根皮层多裂隙;茎横切面髓大,成空腔;叶上下表皮细胞排列疏松。臭蚤草粉末为土灰褐色,偶见菊糖结晶;熏倒牛粉末为深黄绿色,多纤维。HPLC图谱显示臭蚤草和熏倒牛成分差异明显。结论:臭蚤草与熏倒牛性状、显微特征、HPLC图谱均可显示其独特鲜明的植物形态、组织构造及成分差异,可为二者的生药学鉴定和质量控制提供依据。
【关键词】 藏药“芒涧”;熏倒牛;臭蚤草;生药学研究
【中图分类号】R282.6 【文献标志码】 A 【文章编号】1007-8517(2020)20-0026-06
Pharmacognostical Investigation of Tibetan Medicine“Mangjian”
ZHU Zhiying1 GONGBAO Dongzhi2 ZHANG Yuyig1 LIAO Dongbo1 ZHANG Yamei1*
1.Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Nanchang 330004, China;
2.Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Chengdu 611137,China
Abstract:Objective To provide evidence for the identification of Tibetan Medicine“Mangjian”by research on its pharmacognostical characteristics. Methods The pharmacognosy of Tibetan Medicine“Mangjian”was studied by character identification, microscopic identification and HPLC, including two plants Pulicaria lisignis Drumm. ex Dunn and Biebersteinia heterostemom Maxim, which are sources of Tibetan Medicine“Mangjian”. Results The sources of Tibetan medicine “Mangjian” include Cremanthodium angustifolium, Biebersteinia heterostemom, Aster batangensis, Cremanthodium pleurocaule, Cremanthodium nanum and so on. The plant of Pulicaria lisignis, has entire margin leaf, achene, the cortex and xylem cells are arranged closely without cracks in the root cross-section, there are many glandular hairs and non glandular hairs growing on the epidermis of the stem, the upper and lower epidermis of leaves have 2~3 layers of thick horn cells. The plant of Biebersteinia heterostemom has blade palmately divided leaves, capsule not cracking, seeds nearly kidney-shaped,cortex in the cross-section of root have many cracks, pitch in the cross-section of the stem with large medullary cavity, epidermal cells upper and lower of the leaf are arranged loosing. The color of Pulicaria lisigniss powder is taupe, with occasional inulin crystals, and the color of Biebersteinia heterostemoms powder is yellow-green, with multi-fiber. HPLC figures show these two kind of plants are obviously difference in the chemical composition. The literature indicates flavonoids are main constituents of Biebersteinia heterostemom, and sesquiterpenes are the main compound of Pulicaria lisignis. Conclusion Characteristic identification, microscopic identification and the HPLC distingguishing could provide a basis for the pharmacogonostic study of the Tibetan medicine“Mangjian”.
Keywords:Tibetan Medicine“Mangjian”;Pulicaria lisignis Drumm. ex Dunn;Biebersteinia heterostemom Maxim.;Pharmacogostical study
藏药“芒涧”,又译“芒间”[1],是藏医传统习用药材,可散热止痛,用于治疗痈疽、疔疮等,为多基原常用藏药品种之一。有关藏药“芒涧”的基原,在不同年代不同书籍中记载不一。藏医药经典著作《新修晶珠本草》记载[1],“芒涧”以黑黄两类为主,黑者又称“芒涧纳保”、“明涧纳博”[1]、“芒间那保”[3],其基原植物涉及熏倒牛Biebersteinia heterostemom Maxim.[1,3]、巴塘紫菀Aster batangensis Bur.et Franch.[2],但青海省藏药材标准和卫生部药品标准藏药分册-附录仅收载“熏倒牛”[3,4];黄者又称“芒涧赛保”、“明涧色波”[2]、“明涧色博”[1],基原植物包括狭叶垂头菊Cremanthodium angustifolium W.W.Sm[1, 2]、侧茎垂头菊Cremanthodium pleurocaule(Franch.) R.D.Good[1, 2]、条叶垂头菊Cremanthodium lineare Maxim.[1]、小垂头菊Cremanthodium nanum(Decne.) W.W.Smith[1,5]、臭蚤草Pulicaria lisignis Drumm.ex Dunn[5]等,《藏药志》中则将熏倒牛同小垂头菊、臭蚤草一起作“芒涧赛保”基原植物记载[5]。本实验通过研究臭蚤草和熏倒牛的性状、组织构造、HPLC图谱特征,为藏药“芒涧”基原药材的生药学鉴定和质量控制提供理论依据。
1 仪器与材料
1.1 仪器 GZX-9070MBE电热鼓风干燥箱,徕卡Leica RM2245轮转式切片机,XY-200型高速多功能粉碎机,Nikon H550S显微镜,Nikon DS-Ri2显微成像系统,TKY-BMB型石蜡包埋机,Waters高效液相色谱仪-e2695-2998液相检测系统,C18色谱柱,205DU型1/10万电子天平。
1.2 试剂与材料 甘油,苯酚,水合氯醛,明胶,乙醇,甲醇,甲醛,冰醋酸,二甲苯,番红,固绿,加拿大树胶,进口石蜡均为分析纯,GF254薄层板。
所有药材均野外采集,臭蚤草采自西藏自治区日喀则市昂仁县大嘎镇,熏倒牛采自西藏自治区昌都市昌都县柴维乡嘎日村。经江西中医药大学钟国跃研究员鉴定分别为菊科Compositae蚤草属Pulicaria 植物臭蚤草Pulicaria insignis Drumm.Ex Dunn和牻牛儿苗科Geraniaceae 熏倒牛属Biebersteinia 植物熏倒牛Biebersteinia heterostemon Maxim.的干燥全草。标本现存于江西中医药大学中药资源与民族药研究中心标本馆。
2 实验方法
性状鉴别:结合文献和标本对臭蚤草和熏倒牛药材进行性状描述。
显微鉴别:分别取干燥臭蚤草和熏倒牛各两份,1份置水中煮沸,待室温后分拣根、茎、叶,切成0.5cm长的段或0.3cm×0.5cm的方块,制成石蜡切片用于组织显微观察;1份粉碎,过60目,用于两种药材粉末鉴定。
HPLC:取臭蚤草和熏倒牛粉末(过2号筛)各约1 g,置50 mL具塞锥形瓶中,分别加入甲醇25 mL,超声提取30 min,滤过,挥干,分别用5 mL甲醇溶解作为熏倒牛供试品溶液和臭蚤草供试品溶液。色谱条件为Ace-C18 分析柱,水-乙腈(5%~95%)梯度洗脱0~120 min,流速1 mL/min,检测波长203 nm,柱温30 ℃。精密吸取熏倒牛和臭蚤草供試品溶液10 μL注入高效液相色谱仪,按上述条件测定。
3 结果
3.1 药材性状
3.1.1 臭蚤草 带根全草,根状茎粗而长,多分枝,基部具密集白色长毛,包被有枯存叶柄。茎直立或斜升,高5~25 cm,径约2~3.5 mm,密被长毛。基生叶倒披针形,基部渐狭成长柄,茎生叶长圆形或卵圆状长圆形,顶端钝或稍尖,全缘,基部等宽,无柄,半抱茎,长4~8 cm,宽1.2~2 cm,质厚,两面被毡状长贴毛。头状花序单生于茎端,总苞宽钟形,舌状花黄色,外面有毛,两性花,花冠无毛。瘦果近圆柱形,被浅褐色绢毛。无臭,味微苦。如图1所示。
3.1.2 熏倒牛 带根全草高30~90 cm,全体被棕褐色腺毛和白色短柔毛。根直立,细圆柱状,红褐色。茎单生,上部分枝,表皮黄棕色至棕褐色,质脆易折,断面不整齐,髓白色或空心。叶多破碎,不完整叶片羽状分裂,小裂片狭条状披针形或齿状,皱缩,两面被柔毛。基生叶和茎下部叶具长柄,上部叶柄短或无柄,完整叶片展开为三回羽状全裂,托叶半卵形。圆锥聚散花序,花瓣5,淡黄色,与萼片等长或稍短。花萼5,宿存,黑色,被腺毛和柔毛。蒴果不开裂,成热时果瓣不向上反卷。种子近肾形。味苦,气浓臭。如图2所示。
3.2 显微鉴别
3.2.1 根横切面 熏倒牛根横切面:木栓层细胞3~4列,内含红棕色物质。皮层组织稍宽,多裂隙,细胞切向延长。中柱鞘纤维成束散生,韧皮部稍宽。形成层不明显。木质部宽广,导管多成径向排列。射线多单列,胞壁木化增厚。中央初生木质部导管排列成单列,薄壁组织多裂隙。
臭蚤草根横切面:木栓层细胞数列,部分破裂,皮层细胞排列紧密,形状不一,较熏倒牛根宽广。韧皮部狭窄,呈半圆形,不连续成环,约占根的横切面1/10。形成层成环状,不明显。木质部细胞排列紧密,无裂隙,木质化程度较熏倒牛根更明显,导管多单个散在,呈环状排列。射线细胞2~3列。初生木质部不明显。如图3、4所示。