APP下载

凡纳滨对虾鳃组织对高温和氨氮胁迫的生理响应

2020-12-11熊大林段亚飞徐敬明詹爱军陈成勋张家松

南方农业学报 2020年9期
关键词:高温

熊大林 段亚飞 徐敬明 詹爱军 陈成勋 张家松

摘要:【目的】明確高温和氨氮单因素胁迫及二者复合胁迫对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)鳃组织的毒性效应,为开展凡纳滨对虾健康养殖提供理论依据。【方法】将体质健康的凡纳滨对虾随机分成4组,即对照(正常海水)组、高温(33 ℃)胁迫组、氨氮(15 mg/L)胁迫组、高温与氨氮复合胁迫(氨氮浓度15 mg/L,水温33 ℃)组。胁迫72 h后,从每个平行中随机挑取凡纳滨对虾鳃组织制作石蜡切片观察其病理变化,并采用试剂盒测定鳃组织生理功能指标的变化情况。【结果】经高温和氨氮单因素胁迫或二者复合胁迫后均致使凡纳滨对虾鳃组织发生病理性结构变化,表现为角皮层变薄或消失,上皮细胞逐渐分解,入鳃和出鳃血管变形或裂解,鳃丝连接松散,腔内出现液泡等。凡纳滨对虾鳃组织超氧阴离子自由基(O[-2]·)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量均在氨氮胁迫后显著降低(P<0.05,下同),但经高温胁迫和高温与氨氮复合胁迫后无显著变化(P>0.05,下同);总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性在高温或氨氮胁迫后均显著升高;谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性在高温和氨氮单因素胁迫及二者复合胁迫后均显著升高;谷氨酰胺酶(GLS)活性经氨氮胁迫后显著升高,经高温胁迫和高温与氨氮复合胁迫后则显著降低;己糖激酶(HK)活性在高温胁迫后显著降低,经氨氮胁迫后显著升高;乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性仅在氨氮胁迫后显著升高;酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性经氨氮胁迫后显著升高,而在高温胁迫和高温与氨氮复合胁迫后均显著降低。【结论】经高温和氨氮单因素胁迫或二者复合胁迫后,凡纳滨对虾鳃组织出现明显的病理性变化,其氧化应激、氨氮代谢和能量代谢相关生理指标均发生显著变化。氨氮胁迫造成对虾鳃组织生理紊乱,且高温胁迫加重氨氮毒性,而降低对虾鳃组织生理功能。因此,对虾健康养殖特别是工厂化高密度养殖过程中因避免高温环境下氨氮胁迫对凡纳滨对虾的毒性效应。

关键词: 凡纳滨对虾;鳃组织;高温;氨氮胁迫;复合胁迫;生理响应

中图分类号: S968.22                            文献标志码: A 文章编号:2095-1191(2020)09-2296-08

Physiological responses in gills of Litopenaeus vannamei exposed to the combined stress of temperature and ammonia

XIONG Da-lin1,2,  DUAN Ya-fei1,  XU Jing-ming3,  ZHAN Ai-jun4,

CHEN Cheng-xun2,  ZHANG Jia-song1,3*

(1South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Key Lab of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Provincial Key Lab

of Fishery Ecology Environment, Guangzhou  510300, China; 2College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin  300384, China; 3College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing  402160, China; 4Shenzhen Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Shenzhen,

Guangdong  518010, China)

Abstract:【Objective】This study was to clarify the toxic effects of high temperature and ammonia single factor stress and their combined stress on the gills of Litopenaeus vannamei. Then, it could provide  theoretical basis for healthy bree-ding of L. vannamei. 【Method】The healthy L. vannamei were divided into four groups: the control(seawater) group, the high temperature(33 ℃) stress group, the ammonia(15 mg/L) stress group, and the combined of high temperature and ammonia stress(15 mg/L ammonia and 33 ℃ water) group. After stress for 72 h, the gill tissues of L. vannamei were randomly selected from each parallel to make paraffin sections to observe the pathological changes. And changes of physiolo-gical function indexes of the L. vannamei were determined by kit. 【Result】The single factor of high temperature and ammonia and the combined stress all caused pathological structural changes in the gill tissue, which was manifested as the thinning or disappearance of the cuticle layer, the gradual decomposition of epithelium, and the deformation and lysis of the afferent and efferent vessels of the gills. The gill filaments were loosely connected, and vacuoles appeared in the cavity. Oxidative damage indexes including superoxide anion radical(O[-2]·) and hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) levels were significantly decreased in gill tissue in the ammonia stress group(P<0.05, the same below), but no significant changes in the high temperature stress group and the combined stress group(P>0.05, the same below). The total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC) and total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD) activities were significantly increased in high temperature stress group and the ammonia stress group. The glutamate dehydrogenase(GDH) activity was significantly increased in all the stress groups, glutaminase(GLS) activity was significantly increased in the ammonia stress group, but significantly decreased in the high temperature stress group and the combined stress group. Hexokinase(HK) activity was significantly decreased in the high temperature stress group, but increased in the ammonia stress group;lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) activity was only significantly increased in the ammonia stress group;acid phosphatase(ACP) activity was significantly increased in the ammonia stress group, but significantly decreased in the high temperature stress group and the combined stress group. 【Conclusion】The results show that high temperature and ammonia single factor and their combined stress all have significant effects on the physiological functions of the gill of L. vannamei,the gill tissue shows obvious pathological changes, oxidative stress, and ammonia nitrogen metabolism and energy metabolism-related physiological indicators all change significantly. The ammonia stress can induce the physiological disorder of gill tissue, while the high temperature stress aggravates the ammonia toxicity and reduces the physiological function of the shrimp. Therefore, the process of healthy shrimp farming should pay attention to the toxic effect caused by ammonia stress in high temperature environment, especially in high-density factory farming.

1. 3 组织形态观察

胁迫72 h后,从每个平行中随机挑取3尾凡纳滨对虾的鳃组织置于4%多聚甲醛试剂中固定24 h。固定后采用不同浓度梯度的乙醇(70%、80%、90%和100%)进行脱水,再经二甲苯透明后进行石蜡包埋,使用切片机制作4 μm的组织切片,最后以苏木精和伊红染料进行染色,于光学显微镜下观察鳃组织的病理变化,并拍照记录。

1. 4 酶活性测定

将保存的鳃组织样品置于冰上解冻,在预冷PBS中漂洗去除组织液,滤纸拭干;称重后置于离心管中,加入9倍体积的PBS,使用组织匀浆机低温研磨制成10%组织匀浆,然后在4 ℃下2000 r/min离心15 min,取上清液用于酶活性测定。酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)、谷氨酰胺酶(GLS)、己糖激酶(HK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),以及超氧阴离子自由基(O[-2]·)、过氧化氢(H2O2)和总蛋白含量均采用南京建成生物工程研究所生产的试剂盒进行测定,按照具体说明进行操作。

1. 5 统计分析

试验数据采用SPSS 19.0进行单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)和Duncan?s多重比较。

2 结果与分析

2. 1 高温和氨氮胁迫对凡纳滨对虾鳃组织形态的影响

与对照组(图1-A)相比,高温(图1-B)和氨氮(图1-C)单因素胁迫及二者复合胁迫(图1-D)均造成凡纳滨对虾鳃组织出现一定程度的损伤,包括角皮层变薄或消失,上皮细胞逐渐分解,入鳃和出鳃血管变形或裂解,血细胞数量减少,隔膜变宽,鳃丝连接松散,腔内出现液泡等。

2. 2 高温和氨氮胁迫对凡纳滨对虾鳃组织氧化应激指标的影响

由图2可知,与对照组相比,凡纳滨对虾鳃组织O[-2]·和H2O2含量均在氨氮胁迫后显著降低(P<0.05,下同),在高温胁迫组和高温与氨氮复合胁迫组中无显著变化(P>0.05,下同),但高温胁迫组的O[-2]·含量显著低于高温与氨氮复合胁迫组。在抗氧化酶方面,凡纳滨对虾鳃组织T-AOC经高温胁迫、氨氮胁迫及高温与氨氮复合胁迫后均显著升高,其中又以氨氮胁迫组的T-AOC最高;T-SOD活性在高温胁迫组和氨氮胁迫组均显著升高,但在高温与氨氮复合胁迫组无显著变化。

2. 3 高温和氨氮胁迫对凡纳滨对虾鳃组织氨氮代谢酶活性的影响

由图3可看出,与对照组相比,凡纳滨对虾鳃组织GDH活性经高温胁迫、氨氮胁迫及高温与氨氮复合胁迫后均显著升高,且在3个胁迫组中无显著差异。凡纳滨对虾鳃组织GLS活性经氨氮胁迫后显著升高,而经高温胁迫和高温与氨氮复合胁迫后均显著降低,且高温胁迫组的GLS活性显著低于高温与氨氮复合胁迫组。

2. 4 高温和氨氮胁迫对凡纳滨对虾鳃组织能量代谢酶活性的影响

由图4可看出,与对照组相比,凡纳滨对虾鳃组织HK活性经高温胁迫后显著降低,经氨氮胁迫后显著升高,而在高温与氨氮复合胁迫组无显著变化;凡纳滨对虾鳃组织LDH活性仅在氨氮胁迫后显著升高,在高温胁迫组和高温与氨氮复合胁迫组中均无显著变化;凡纳滨对虾鳃组织ACP活性经氨氮胁迫后显著升高,但经高温胁迫和高温与氨氮复合胁迫后均显著降低,且高温胁迫组和高温与氨氮复合胁迫组间无显著差异。

3 讨论

氨氮是对虾养殖过程中重要的环境因子,对对虾的生长、存活和生理功能均有重要影响。对虾是排氨动物,机体内大部分氨氮经代谢后以尿素和尿酸形式通过鳃组织排出体外(Weihrauch et al.,2004)。当对虾遭受氨氮胁迫时,则通过鳃组织解毒代谢以降低氨氮对机体的损伤(Chen,2000)。目前,有关氨氮胁迫对甲壳动物鳃组织生理功能影响的研究已有较多报道,如氨氮胁迫会造成Macrobrachium amazonicum鳃组织血细胞浸润,细胞肿胀、坏死,层状上皮增厚或裂解损伤,且损伤效应随氨氮浓度升高而加重,在80 mg/L总氨氮胁迫下甚至出现鳃组织水肿(Dutra et al.,2017);但高温胁迫下氨氮对甲壳动物鳃组织的毒性效应至今尚未明确。为此,本研究探討了高温和氨氮胁迫对凡纳滨对虾鳃组织生理功能的影响,结果显示凡纳滨对虾鳃组织在高温胁迫、氨氮胁迫及高温与氨氮复合胁迫后均发生病理性结构改变,表明高温和氨氮单因素胁迫或复合胁迫均会损伤对虾鳃组织的形态结构。

氧化应激是动物机体对环境胁迫的应答机制之一。环境胁迫能诱导机体产生大量活性氧,包括 O[-2]·和H2O2(段亚飞等,2014)。对虾在进化过程中已形成较完善的抗氧化系统,用于清除机体内过量的活性氧,维护机体稳态(Mathew et al.,2007)。其中,T-AOC可反映机体抗氧化系统的整体水平(Lewis et al.,1995);SOD是抗氧化系统重要的标志酶,在机体清除活性氧过程中首先被诱导,可将O[-2]·分解为H2O2和O2,并将H2O2传递给下游抗氧化酶(Mercier et al.,2006)。任海等(2014)研究表明,脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)血淋巴和肝胰腺中的SOD活性随氨氮胁迫浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长,呈先上升后下降的变化趋势;朱孟凯和姚翠鸾(2015)研究表明,15 ℃低温及31和35 ℃高温胁迫均会导致凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺中的O[-2]·含量显著增加;王芸等(2017)研究发现,中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)经8 mg/L氨氮胁迫6 h后,其血淋巴的T-AOC显著升高,但随后逐渐降低。本研究结果表明,凡纳滨对虾鳃组织O[-2]·和H2O2含量经氨氮胁迫后均显著降低,但在高温胁迫和高温与氨氮复合胁后无显著变化;相应的氨氮胁迫组凡纳滨对虾鳃组织抗氧化酶T-AOC和T-SOD活性均最高,由此推测高温和氨氮单因素胁迫或二者复合胁迫均会诱导凡纳滨对虾鳃组织产生氧化应激反应,而抗氧化酶在机体清除活性氧过程中发挥了重要作用。

谷氨酸代谢是甲壳动物机体应答氨氮胁迫的重要生理调节途径(Cheng and Chen,2001)。GDH和GLS是谷氨酸生成或分解的关键调节酶,在甲壳动物氨氮代谢过程中扮演重要角色。其中,GLS可催化机体多余的氨和谷氨酸生成谷氨酰胺,而GDH可催化谷氨酸发生氧化脱氨基反应,从而有效完成机体氨氮解毒代谢(王镜岩等,2002;Hong et al.,2007)。刘胜男等(2015)、周发林等(2016)研究发现,在氨氮胁迫下,三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)和斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)的鳃组织中GDH基因表达水平及其酶活性均显著上调;Zhang等(2019)研究表明,河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)经氨氮胁迫后其消化腺中的GLS基因表达水平显著上调。在本研究中,凡纳滨对虾鳃组织GDH活性经高温胁迫、氨氮胁迫及高温与氨氮复合胁迫后均显著升高,而GLS活性经高温胁迫和高温与氨氮复合胁迫后显著降低,推测是高温和氨氮单因素胁迫或二者复合胁迫均对凡纳滨对虾鳃组织氨氮解毒代谢产生显著影响,尤其是高温胁迫抑制了氨氮代谢能力。

动物机体通过改变自身代谢以适应逆境环境。HK是糖酵解过程的重要调节酶,其活性变化可反映机体对葡萄糖的利用情况(田相利,2001);LDH是无氧糖酵解和糖异生过程的调节酶,可催化乳酸转变为丙酮酸,为机体供能(Viru,1994)。郭彪等(2008)研究表明,水温由17 ℃突增至27 ℃后,凡纳滨对虾肝胰脏中的HK活性也随胁迫时间的延长呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,于胁迫3 h时达最高值,是水温突变前的2.54倍。Shan等(2019)研究证实,凡纳滨对虾在1.61 mg/L氨氮浓度胁迫下,其血淋巴HK活性随胁迫时间的延长呈先升高后下降的变化趋势,而LDH活性呈逐渐升高趋势。本研究结果表明,凡纳滨对虾鳃组织HK和LDH活性经氨氮胁迫后均显著升高,而在高温与氨氮复合胁迫后无显著变化;此外,HK活性在高温胁迫后显著降低,由此推断氨氮胁迫诱导了凡纳滨对虾鳃组织能量代谢,高温胁迫降低了对虾鳃组织能量代谢,而高温与氨氮复合胁迫对能量代谢过程无明显影响。ACP是巨噬细胞内重要的磷酸单酯水解酶类,在对虾免疫反应过程中发挥重要作用(陈清西等,1996)。艾春香和曾媛媛(2011)研究表明,氨氮胁迫导致拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)鳃组织ACP活性显著降低。但本研究发现凡纳滨对虾鳃组织ACP活性在氨氮胁迫后显著升高,而在高温胁迫和高温与氨氮复合胁迫后均显著降低,即氨氮胁迫诱导了凡纳滨对虾鳃组织免疫反应,但与高温复合胁迫即抑制机体免疫反应。

4 结论

经高温和氨氮单因素胁迫或二者复合胁迫后,凡纳滨对虾鳃组织出现明显的病理性变化,其氧化应激、氨氮代谢和能量代谢相关生理指标均发生显著变化。氨氮胁迫造成对虾鳃组织生理紊乱,且高温胁迫加重氨氮毒性,降低对虾鳃组织生理功能。因此,对虾健康养殖特别是工厂化高密度养殖过程中因避免高温环境下氨氮胁迫对凡纳滨对虾的毒性效应。

参考文献:

艾春香,曾媛媛. 2011. 氨氮胁迫对拟穴青蟹腺苷三磷酸酶和磷酸酶比活力的影响[J]. 厦门大学学报(自然科学版),50(4):772-778. [Ai C X,Zeng Y Y. 2011. The effects of ammonia-N stress on the activities of ATPase,ACP and AKP in different tissues and organs of mud crab Scylla paramamosain[J]. Journal of Xiamen University(Natural Science),50(4):772-778.]

陈清西,陈素丽,石艳,朱凌翔,颜思旭. 1996. 长毛对虾碱性磷酸酶性质[J]. 厦门大学学报(自然科学版),35(2):257-261. [Chen Q X,Chen S L,Shi Y,Zhu L X,Yan S X. 1996. Characterization of alkaline phosphatase from Penaeus perlillatus[J]. Journal of Xiamen University(Na-tural Science),35(2):257-261.]

戴习林,杨展昆,朱其建. 2018. 凡纳滨对虾室内养殖密度和简易水质调控措施对水质及养殖效果的影响[J]. 上海海洋大學学报,27(6):93-105. [Dai X L,Yang Z K,Zhu Q J. 2018. Effects of indoor aquaculture density and simple water quality control measures on water quality and culture efficiency of Litopenaeus vannamei[J]. Journal of Fishery Shanghai Ocean University,27(6):93-105.]

段亚飞,张家松,董宏标,王芸,张真真. 2014. 副溶血弧菌对斑节对虾非特异性免疫酶活性的影响[J]. 水产学报,38(9):1557-1564. [Duan Y F,Zhang J S,Dong H B,Wang Y,Zhang Z Z. 2014. The non-specific immune response of Penaeus monodon to Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge[J]. Journal of Fisheries of China,38(9):1557-1564.]

方金龙,王元,房文红,李新苍,陈甜甜,周俊芳. 2017. 氨氮胁迫下白斑综合征病毒对凡纳滨对虾的致病性[J]. 南方水产科学,13(4):52-58. [Fang J L,Wang Y,Fang W H,Li X C,Chen T T,Zhou J F. 2017. Study on pathogenicity of WSSV to Pacific white shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei) under ammonia stress[J]. South China Fisheries Science,13(4):52-58.]

龚仕玲,谢冬梅,李英文,陈启亮. 2019. 镉暴露诱导黄颡鱼鳃的组织学损伤、氧化应激和免疫反应[J]. 水生生物学报,43(2):340-347. [Gong S L,Xie D M,Li Y W,Chen Q L. 2019. Cadmium exposure induces histological da-mage,oxidative stress and immune response in yellow catfish[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,43(2):340-347.]

郭彪,王芳,侯纯强,董双林,孙皓. 2008. 温度突变对凡纳滨对虾己糖激酶和丙酮酸激酶活力以及热休克蛋白表达的影响[J]. 中国水产科学,15(5):885-889. [Guo B,Wang F,Hou C Q,Dong S L,Sun H. 2008. Effects of acute temperature fluctuation on HK and PK activity,HSP70 relative content in Litopenaeus vannamei[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,15(5):885-889.]

梁俊平,张静,覃宝利,王宣朋,蔺玉华,丁辰龙,吴学军. 2020. 维生素C对氨氮胁迫下大鳞鲃幼鱼存活及鳃抗氧化酶活性的影响[J]. 河南农业科学,49(1):157-164. [Liang J P,Zhang J,Qin B L,Wang X P,Lin Y H,Ding C L,Wu X J. 2020. Effects of vitamin C on the survival and antioxidant enzyme activities of juvenile Barbus ca-pito under ammonia-N stress[J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences,49(1):157-164.]

刘国兴,郑友,霍春林,史杨白,丁淑燕,郝忱,魏万红. 2019. 氨氮對河川沙塘鳢胚胎和仔鱼的急性毒性研究[J]. 江西农业学报,31(12):82-86. [Liu G X,Zheng Y,Huo C L,Shi Y B,Ding S Y,Hao C,Wei W H. 2019. Acute to-xicity of ammonia nitrogen to embryo and larva of Odontobutis potamophila[J]. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi,31(12):82-86.]

刘奇奇,温久福,区又君,李加儿,周慧. 2017. 运输胁迫对四指马鲅幼鱼肝脏、鳃和脾脏组织结构的影响[J]. 南方农业学报,48(9):1708-1714. [Liu Q Q,Wen J F,Ou Y J,Li J E,Zhou H. 2017. Effects of transport stress on liver,gill and spleen tissue structure of juvenile Eleutheronema tetradactylum[J]. Journal of Southern Agriculture,48(9):1708-1714.]

刘胜男,潘鲁青,刘茂琪. 2015. 氨氮胁迫对三疣梭子蟹解毒代谢关键基因表达的影响[J]. 海洋湖沼通报,(2):97-104. [Liu S N,Pan L Q,Liu M Q. 2015. Efects of ammonia exposure on key detoxification metabolism asocia-ted genes expresion in swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus[J]. Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,(2):97-104.]

刘炎,姜东升,李雅洁,张荣飞,李梅,崔益斌. 2014. 不同温度和pH下氨氮对河蚬和霍甫水丝蚓的急性毒性[J]. 环境科学研究,27(9):1067-1073. [Liu Y,Jiang D S,Li Y J,Zhang R F,Li M,Cui Y B. 2014. Influence of environmental factors on the acute toxicity of ammonia to Corbicula fluminea and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri[J]. Resear-ch of Environmental Sciences,27(9):1067-1073.]

刘雨,丁炜东,曹哲明,邴旭文,徐畅,杨帆,张晨光,谷心池,孙阿君. 2019. 急性氨氮胁迫对翘嘴鳜幼鱼抗氧化酶活性及炎症反应相关基因表达的影响[J]. 南方农业学报,50(8):1860-1868. [Liu Y,Ding W D,Cao Z M,Bing X W,Xu C,Yang F,Zhang C G,Gu X C,Sun A J. 2019. Effects of acute ammonia nitrogen stress on antioxidant enzymes activity and gene expression involved in inflammation of juvenile Siniperca chuatsi[J]. Journal of Sou-thern Agriculture,50(8):1860-1868.]

潘训彬,张秀霞,鲁耀鹏,郑佩华,王安利,冼健安. 2017. 氨氮和亚硝酸盐对红螯螯虾幼虾和亚成虾的急性毒力[J]. 生物安全学报,26(4):316-322. [Pan X B,Zhang X X,Lu Y P,Zheng P H,Wang A L,Xian J A. 2017. Acute toxicity of ammonia and nitrite on juvenile and subadult redclaw crayfish(Cherax quadricarinatus)[J]. Journal of Biosafety,26(4):316-322.]

任海,李健,李吉涛,梁忠秀,梁俊平,葛倩倩,刘萍. 2014. 急性氨氮胁迫对脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)抗氧化系统酶活力及GPx基因表达的影响[J]. 农业环境科学学报,33(4):647-655. [Ren H,Li J,Li J T,Liang Z X,Liang J P,Ge Q Q,Liu P. 2014. Effects of acute ammonia stresses on antioxidant enzyme activities and GPx gene expression in Exopalaemon carinicauda[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,33(4):647-655.]

田相利. 2001. 变温对中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis Osbeck)生长的影响及其生物能量学机制[D]. 青岛:青岛海洋大学. [Tian X L. 2001. Influences of diel fluctua-ting temperatures on growth of Chinese shrimp,Fenneropenaeus chinens Osbeck,and its bioenergetic mechanisms[D]. Qingdao:Ocean University of Qingdao.]

王镜岩,朱圣庚,徐长法. 2002. 生物化学[M]. 第3版. 北京:高等教育出版社. [Wang J Y,Zhu S G,Xu C F. 2002. Biochemistry[M]. The 3rd Edition. Beijing:Higher Education Press.]

王秋实,张镜群. 2017. 放养密度和微生态制剂对施氏鲟养殖水质的影响[J]. 水产学杂志,30(5):39-42. [Wang Q S,Zhang J Q. 2017. Effects of probiotics on water quality in amur sturgeon Acipenser schrenckii culture exposures at different stocking densities[J]. Chinese Journal of Fishe-ries,30(5):39-42.]

王蕓,李健,何玉英,段亚飞,张喆,李吉涛. 2017. 氨氮胁迫对中国明对虾血淋巴氨氮、尿素氮含量和抗氧化能力的影响[J]. 中国水产科学,24(1):180-189. [Wang Y,Li J,He Y Y,Duan Y F,Zhang Z,Li J T. 2017. Effects of ambient ammonia-N exposure on hemolymph nitrogen metabolism and antioxidant capacity of Fenneropenaeus chinensis[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,24(1):180-189.]

王志铮,张思铭,蒋宏雷,申屠基康,刘伟健,任夙艺,张晓霞,Msumenji Phiri,Donatha Kajuna. 2017. 日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)秋繁仔虾形态表型对氨氮耐受性能的影响效应[J]. 海洋与湖沼,48(5):1092-1099. [Wang Z Z,Zhang S M,Jiang H L,Shentu J K,Liu W J,Ren S Y,Zhang X X,Phiri M,Kajuna D. 2017. The correlation between ammonia endurance and morphological traits of the Marsupenaeus japonicus post larva[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,48(5):1092-1099.]

冼健安,钱坤,郭慧,苗玉涛,王安利,王冬梅. 2014. 氨氮对虾类毒性影响的研究进展[J]. 饲料工业,35(22):52-58. [Xian J A,Qian K,Guo H,Miao Y T,Wang A L,Wang D M. 2014. Research progress in toxic effects of ammonia-N on shrimp[J]. Feed Industry,35(22):52-58.]

周发林,陈劲松,黄建华,杨其彬,邱丽华,马振华,江世贵. 2016. 斑节对虾谷氨酸脱氢酶基因克隆及氨氮胁迫对其时空表达的影响[J]. 中国水产科学,23(6):1236-1246. [Zhou F L,Chen J S,Huang J H,Yang Q B,Qiu L H,Ma Z H,Jiang S G. 2016. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in Pe-naeus monodon under ammonia nitrogen stress[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,23(6):1236-1246.]

朱孟凯,姚翠鸾. 2015. 温度胁迫对凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺氧代谢及能量代谢的影响[J]. 水产学报,39(5):669-678. [Zhu M K,Yao C L. 2015. The impact of temperature stress on the oxygen metabolism and energy metabolism in the hepatopancreas of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei[J]. Journal of Fisheries of China,39(5):669-678.]

猜你喜欢

高温
全球高温
望火兴叹
1981—2016年临清市高温日数及等级特征分析
“烤”问城市