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名人英语演讲中辞格的妙用

2020-12-07刘慧

魅力中国 2020年37期

刘慧

(商丘学院应用科技学院,河南 商丘 475000)

一、“辞格”的定义及其与演讲的关系

辞格又称修辞格,属于修辞学的研究范畴。修辞学的起源与发展都离不开演讲,而演讲正是一门注重修辞的艺术。

关于“辞格”的定义,黄任在《英语修辞鉴赏与写作》中认为,辞格指一定的修辞格式,如打比喻、讲反话、设排比、用双关等等;有的在意义上出花样,有的在结构上做文章,有的突出语气技巧,有的妙用音韵组合,目的都是为了加强表达效果。而对于“辞格”的运用,他认为辞格以词语为核心,以句子为表现层次,虽然也可能夸大到段甚至到篇,但多数情况下辞格都包含在句子范围内(1996:11)。他在此书中从写作实践的角度介绍不同层次英语修辞活动的运用,并对一些较难区分的辞格加以严格的对比性研究。

二、“辞格”运用在英语演讲中产生的艺术美

经过丰富辞格加工、润饰的演讲语言能产生一种特殊的艺术美。欣赏者或如聆听音乐,有高低起伏;或如欣赏一幅有声的画,动静结合,且时而震撼有力,如百鼓敲击心灵,时而意境幽远,令人浮想联翩,产生视听的美感。本文所选辞格用例将被归纳为三方面,分别从语音修辞、语义修辞和句式修辞探讨其修辞艺术。

(一)巧用语音修辞构成音韵美

语音修辞格,也称“韵格”,其包含的种类繁多,如沈少华的著作中就讲述过三十七种。当包含某一相同音素或音素组合的词以相同规律出现在某个英语句子中时,会构成不同种类的语音修辞格。英语演讲中常用的语音修辞格有以下三类:

1.头韵 (Alliteration)

“头韵”是指在同一语言单位(一组词、一句话或一行诗等)中两个或两个以上单词的起始字母重复同一声音的押韵现象,辅音元音不限,但多见于辅音。请注意下列句子划线单词的首字母发音:

(1)We both agree that there can be only one sane policy to preserve our precious civilization in this modern age:A nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought.

人力资源的演进中,具体的参见图2,由此可以发现,人力资源和管理咨询、信息管理、数据库、系统开发等主要内容是一体化构建的。

(2)Let us go forth to lead the land we love.

2.半谐音(Assonance)

多数专家认为“半谐音”的韵脚主要产生在所选择单词的元音上,故也称“元音韵”。以下句例划线单词均出现了相同的元音:

(1)The same force and resistance which are sufficient to procure us our liberties will secure us a glorious independence and support us in the dignity of free imperial States.

(2)And how fortunate we are indeed to live in the most diverse,dynamic and beautiful state in the entire union.

3.尾音(Consonance)

也称“尾韵”,“子韵”或“假韵”。多数专家认为指两个或两个以上单词词尾辅音重复出现,有时也包括句尾非重读音节重复。请注意以下演讲句例中划线单词的

(1)And if they regain control of this government,Americans may look back on our term as one brief oasis of prosperity in an endless desert of worsening inflation and recession.

(2)More than machinery,we need humanity.More than cleverness,we need kindness and gentleness.Without these qualities,life will be violent and all will be lost.

(二)巧用词义修辞构成意境美

1.明喻(Simile)

综合有关参考,明喻亦称“直喻”,是就两个不同类对象之间相似点进行比喻。通常包括本体、喻体和比喻词。最常见表现形式是 “like”型和“as”型,也有“as if/though”的虚拟句型或其它结构如“A is like B, as…as…,more than,what…”等。下列句子均是明喻的运用。

(1)This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro Slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice.It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity.

(2)Soldiers!You have precipitated yourselves like a torrent from the Apennines.

2.隐喻(Metaphor)

或称暗喻,也称“压缩了的明喻(Condensed Simile)”,与明喻的最大区别是它常在句中仅出现喻体而隐含本体,二者合二为一。隐喻的表现形式多种多样,英语中常见的隐喻结构是“A is B”。还可通过名词、动词、形容词及of短语等表现。细细咀嚼下列演讲中隐喻用例便能体会作者言辞的深意:

(1)I believe that the rendering of useful service is the common duty of mankind and the only in the purifying fire of sacrifice is the dross of selfishness consumed and the greatness of the human soul set free.

(2)He who has strength to chain down the wolf is a madman if he let him loose without drawing his teeth and paring his nails.

(三)巧用句式修辞构成结构美

句式修辞也称结构修辞,英语演讲中通常用的句式修辞是对照和排比,它们的使用能分别产生不同的语言效果。

1.“对照”(Antithesis):

“对照”也称“对比”,是将两个意义相对的单词、短语、从句或句子甚至段落放在文体中,从而达到一种反衬、对立、或矛盾的语言效果。这种语言的强烈反差性能使人联想起一幅幅具有极强反衬效果的画面。试体会下列演讲名句中划线部分的语言效果:

(1)The brave man,living and dead,who struggled here,have consecrated it far above our power to add or detract.

(2)We must share together the bad news and the good news,the defeats and the victories—the changing fortunes of war.

2.排比(Parallelism)

排比也称“平行结构”,句式结构整齐、规范,句意并列或递进,从而产生一种气壮山河的美感。将排比运用到在演讲中能使句式更精致工整、意义更鲜明突出、声调更富韵律美、气势更加宏伟。请欣赏以下句中划线部分:

(1)Together,let us explore the stars,conquer the deserts,eradicate disease,tap the ocean depths,and encourage the arts and commerce.

(2)I believe that every right implies a responsibility;every opportunity,an obligation;every possession,a duty.

若能将排比与对照巧妙结合,不仅从结构上形成排比,且意义上形成对照,其语句将能更加耐人寻味,称为“对照排比”。著名美国总统肯尼迪曾在其就职演讲中多处使用此修辞手段,故留下争相传颂的经典名句:

(1)Ask not what your country can do for you,ask what you can do for your country.

(2)United,there is little we can not do,in a host of cooperative ventures.Divided,there is little we can do.

三、结论

通过分析归纳,我们发现:妙用修辞格的英语演讲名篇不仅能产生重大历史意义,而且堪称是一篇篇文字优美、构思精巧且逻辑严谨的文学佳作,充分展现了英语语言的艺术美。实际上,英语演讲中的修辞艺术也是一门渗透于日常生活中的艺术,学习并灵活运用,不仅能提高鉴赏和运用英语语言的能力,而且还能提升言谈举止的魅力及行为效力。