主动语态变被动语态的注意事项
2020-09-10郑丹丹
郑丹丹
语态是历年高考英语考查的热点和难点之一。它主要包括主动语态和被动语态两种基本形式。当动作的发出者是主语时,谓语动词用主动语态;当动词的承受者是主语时,谓语动词则用被动语态。在将主动语态转换为被动语态时,不少同学由于知识掌握不到位,导致错误频现。对此,笔者揭秘了主动语态变被动语态的几个注意事项,以期对同学们有所帮助。
一、带双宾语的动词主动语态变被动语态
有些动词后常跟间接(指人)宾语和直接(指物)宾语,在将带双宾语的动词由主动语态变为被动语态时,通常要将间接宾语(指人)变为主语,而直接宾语(指物)则保持不变。如:主动语态:My motherbought me a new dress on my birthday,→被动语态:1was bought anewdress onmy birthday,若要将直接宾语(指物)变为被动语态主语,则需要注意在间接宾语(指人)前加上恰当的介词。具体体现在:
(1)当谓语动词为give,take,tell,bring,sell,pay,offer,show等动词时,将主动结构变成被动结构,需要在间接宾语前加上介词to,to有时可以省略,但当被动句中若是强调间接宾语时,则介词to不可省略。如:主动:Shelentme anEnglishbook→被动:Abookwas given(to)me(介词to可省略);This English bookis giventoyou,nottoher,价词to不可省略。)
(2)当谓语动词为find,get,make,play,buy,build等动词时,将主动语态变成被动语态,则需要在间接宾语前添上介词for,for不可省略。如:主动:Mymotherboughtme anew dress on mybirthday→被动:A new dress was bought for me on my birthday,(介词for不可省略。)
(3)若在主動句中直接宾语后为从句,则不能构成以直接宾语(指物)为主语的被动句,只能构成以间接宾语(指人)为主语的被动句。如:主动:Theytoldme the sports meeting might be put off→被动:1 wastold the sports meeting might be put off,
二、带复合宾语句的动词主动语态变被动语态
复合宾语,即宾语+宾语补足语。在英语中,有些动词后会接复合宾语。对于含有复合宾语的主动句,若要将主动语态变为被动语态,要注意把主动句中的宾语改成主语,宾语补足语则置于谓语动词后面,保留不变。具体包括:
(1)在带有复合宾语的主动句中,如果宾语补足语是名词,在将主动语态变为被动语态时,切忌将作宾语补足语的名词看作主语,而应将宾语变成主语。如:We chose him captain,我们选他为队长(主动语态,宾语补足语为名词captain)→He was chosen captain,他被选为队长。(被动语态,原宾语变him为主语he。)
(2)see,hear,watch,feel,notice,look,listen等感官动词后用作宾语补足语的动词不定式往往不带不定式符号to,然而在将主动语态变为被动语态时,切不可省略to。如:I often saw them play basketball on theplayground,我经常看到他们在操场上打篮球。(主动结构,see感官动词,不带to)→They were often seen toplay basketball on the playground,他们经常被人看见在操场上打篮球。(被动结构,要带to);I heard the girlplay the piano in the next room,我听见女孩在隔壁房间弹钢琴。(主动语态,不带to)→The girl is heard toplay the piano in the next room,女孩被听见在隔壁房间弹钢琴。(被动结构,要带to)
三、动词短语主动语态变被动语态
在英语中,有些由“动词+介词或副词”构成的动词短语,相当于及物动词,存在被动语态。在将这些动词短语的主动语态变换成被动语态时,同学们要切记动词短语是一个不可分割的整体,不可随意地将动词与介词或副词拆分开来,也不可忽略或遗漏介词或副词。具体包括:
(1)如果主动句中出现ask for请求),talk about(谈论),listen to(倾听),look after(照顾),look into(调查),think of(考虑),agree to(同意),1augh at(嘲笑)等“不及物动词+介词”的动词短语时,在变为被动语态时,要注意动词短语后的介词不能省略或拆开。如:Herclassmates often laugh at her,她的同学经常嘲笑她。(主动语态)→She is often laughed at by her class-mates,她经常被同学嘲笑。(被动语态)
(2)对于put up(建造),put off(推迟),turn down(调低),rum out(熄灭),turn off(关掉),give up(放弃),make out(辨认出),find out(发现)等“及物动词+副词”动词短语,在变为被动语态时,切不可丢掉后面的副词。如:We turn off the light at 12 o’clolck everynight,(主动语态)→The lights are turned off at 12 o’clolck every night,(被动语态)。
总之,在平时的英语学习中,同学们要重视对被动语态知识的掌握,加强主动语态与被动语态的转化训练,从而明确其注意事项,熟练掌握其用法,夯实英语基础知识。
(作者单位:江苏省盐城中学)