介词遗漏防范对策
2020-09-10王化清
王化清
遗漏介词是学习英语时容易发生的错误,为了避免大家在运用英语知识时遗漏介词,特介绍三种防范对策。
一、仔细分析句子,弄清句子结构
1. 注意带“逻辑宾语”的动词需加适当的介词。例如:
他住哪一房间?
误:Which room does he live?
析:此句与where does he live不同,where是疑问副词,作状语;而which room相当于一个名词,且又作live的“逻辑宾语”,有“住在房间里”之意,故live后须加介词in。
正:Which room does he live in?
2. 当间接宾语(人)置于直接宾语(物)后时,需要加适当的介词。例如:
母亲给儿子做了一件新外套。
误:Mother made a new coat her son.
析:间接宾语在直接宾语前不用加介词,而当间接宾语位于直接宾语之后时,有的动词要求用介词to,这些动词有give, show, bring, take, send, lend, leave, pass, tell, write, return, throw, teach等;而有的动词则要求用介词for,这些动词有buy, get, make, do, play, sell, keep, carry, call, save, order, cook, sing, find等。
正:Mother made a new coat for her son.= Mother made her son a new coat.
3.带有疑问代词/ 疑问副词的不定式,有时作定语修饰前面的中心词(一般是名词),需要一个适当的介词。例如:
格林先生给了我们一些如何学好外语的指点。
误:Mr. Green gave us some advice how to learn a foreign language well.
析:疑问副词how与不定式to learn连用,構成不定式短语作定语修饰中心词advice,根据句意与结构须加介词on。
正:Mr. Green gave us some advice on how to learn a foreign language well.
二、认真识别不及物动词,须加介词(或副词)才能带宾语
1.识辨“too ...to”结构中的“逻辑宾语”,例如:
那片森林太宽了,那些孩子走不过去。
误:The forest is too wide for the children to walk.
析:在“too...to”结构中,当动词不定式与句子的主语有逻辑上的“动宾关系”时,若动词不定式是不及物动词,则须用“不及物动词+介词”的结构。walk是不及物动词,后面应加介词through。
正:The forest is too wide for the children to walk through.
2.注意一些短语动词用于被动语态中,不要遗漏介词。例如:
从来没有人像那样跟你说过话吗?
误:Have you never been spoken like that?
析:speak在此处是不及物动词,构成短语动词才能用于被动语态,不可遗漏介词to。
正:Have you never been spoken to like that?
3.由不及物动词构成的习惯用语较多,这里的介词不可遗漏。例如:
不要担心你的母亲,她看上去气色挺好。
误:Don’ t worry your mother. She looks fine.
正:Don’ t worry about your mother. She looks fine.
三、行为动词接不定式/动名词作宾语时,应考虑加上适当的介词
在那时爱迪生的母亲需要立即做手术。
误1:At that time Edison’ s mother needed operating at once.
误2:At that time Edison’ s mother needed to be operated at once.
析:need的宾语用动名词的主动式和不定式的被动式一样,均有被动意义。若need的宾语是由不及物动词(如operate等)的动名词/不定式充当,则须加上适当的介词。
正1:At that time Edison’ s mother needed operating on at once.
正2:At that time Edison’ s mother needed to be operated on at once.
小练习:单项选择。
1. Children get gifts Christmas and their birthdays.
A. on; on B. at; on C. in; in D. in; on
2. —There is nothing tomorrow afternoon, is there?
—No. We can have a game of table tennis.
A. on B. in C. out D. up
3. A lot of students in our school were born March, 1981.
A. in B. at C. on D. since
4. The train is starting five minutes.
A. in B. at C. for D. still
5. Mike does his exercises seven the evening.
A. on; to B. at; in C. by; of D. at; on
Keys:AACAB