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被动语态用法指南(二)

2020-09-10沈德刚

初中生学习指导·中考版 2020年7期
关键词:语态被动语态及物动词

沈德刚

(接第4期)

三、主動语态变被动语态的方法

首先,把主动句的宾语改为被动句的主语。若宾语是人称代词,将宾格改为主格。其次,把主动句的谓语改为被动结构,即“be +及物动词的过去分词”。最后,把主动句的主语放在by后面作宾语。若主语是人称代词,将主格改为宾格。当动作的执行者无须说明或不必着重指出时,by及后面的宾语往往可以省略。如:

They grow rice in the fields. (改为被动语态)

→ Rice is grown by them in the fields.

【温馨提示】

1.“不及物动词+介词/副词”构成的短语动词,变为被动句时,要把它们作为整体来看,介词或副词不可以和不及物动词拆开或漏掉。如:

The head teacher put up the posters. (改为被动语态)

→ The posters were put up by the head teacher.

2. 含有双宾语的主动句变为被动句时,可将主动句中的直接宾语或间接宾语变为被动句中的主语。若把主动句中的直接宾语(指物)变为被动句中的主语,则需要在间接宾语(指人)前面加介词to或for。如:

Mum gave me a new bike. (改为被动语态)

→ I was given a new bike by Mum. (间接宾语作主语)

→ A new bike was given to me by Mum. (直接宾语作主语)

3. 在主动句中,使役动词(如:make, let等)和感官动词(如:see, watch, notice, hear等)后面常跟省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。但在被动句中,这些词后面的动词不定式需要加上to。如:

The teacher made Tom answer the questions in class. (改为被动语态)

→ Tom was made to answer the questions in class by the teacher.

【中考例题】

4. The old over 90 not only by their family but also by the government in many places. (2018·新疆·乌鲁木齐)

A. is looked at B. are taken good care of

C. are taken good care D. is looking after

解析:选B。the old表示一类人,看成复数。动词短语take care of可以有被动语态,但短语中的介词of不能省略。

四、不能用于被动语态的情况

1. 不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态,要用主动语态,如:appear, rise, last, die, happen, come out, take place等。如:

The movie came out last year. 这部电影是去年问世的。

2. 某些动词不表示动作,而是表示某种状态或情况,通常不用于被动语态,要用主动语态,如:cost, fit, last, own, fail等。如:

This suit doesn’t fit me well. 这套西装不怎么合我身。

3. 宾语是机关、 团体或组织机构的名称时,不宜用被动语态,要用主动语态。如:

My brother joined the army last year. 去年我哥哥参军了。

4. 宾语是动词不定式(短语)或动名词(短语)时,不宜用被动语态,要用主动语态。如:

Peter hoped to meet her. 彼得希望遇见她。

【中考例题】

5. —What a new look our city has!

—Yes. Great changes since 2008. (2019·广西·贺州)

A. take place B. took place

C. have taken place D. are taking place

解析:选C。take place是不及物动词短语,因此没有被动语态。根据时间状语since 2008可知,空白处要用现在完成时结构have taken place。

五、主动结构表示被动意义

1. 表示主语某种属性或用途的动词,其主动形式可以表示被动含义,如:sell, wash, write, wear, read等。如:

The pen writes smoothly. 这支钢笔很好写。

2. 某些动词后面跟V-ing形式表示被动含义,如:need, require, worth等。如:

The window needs cleaning and the car needs washing. 窗户需要擦干净,车子需要冲洗。

3. 某些感官动词加形容词可表示被动含义,如:feel, look, smell, sound, taste等。如:

This piece of cake tastes delicious. 这块蛋糕尝起来美味可口。

【中考例题】

6. —Do you have Jay’s CDs?

—Sorry, they are . But we’ll get some more next week because they . (2018·陕西·西安)

A. sold well; are on sale B. sold out; sell well

C. selling well; sell well D. for sale; sell well

解析:选B。第一空表达“它们全被卖光了”,所以要用被动语态;第二空表示产品畅销,使用sell well,以主动形式表达被动的意思。

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