会宁高原苹果种植气候适宜性分析及对策
2020-08-16贵强袁晓东南炳江
贵强 袁晓东 南炳江
摘要 本文基于最新气象观测和气候统计资料,分析了会宁地区高原苹果生长的适宜性气候条件和主要气象灾害因子,探讨了气候变化对会宁高原苹果种植的适宜性影响和相应对策。研究表明,会宁高原苹果种植区独特的地理位置和适宜的气候条件能够满足高原优质苹果生长发育需求,影响会宁高原苹果种植的气象灾害因子主要有冰雹、倒春寒(花期冻害)和干旱;气候变化对高原苹果种植适宜性的影响是全方位的,建议基于气象灾害风险管理,合理利用气候资源,因时因地制宜进行“适宜性种植”。
关键词 高原苹果;气候适宜性;气候变化;气象灾害;对策;甘肃会宁
中图分类号 S661.1 文献标识码 A
文章编号 1007-5739(2020)15-0100-02 开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID)
Abstract In this paper, based on the latest meteorological observations data and climate statistics, the suitable climatic conditions and main meteorological disaster factors for apple growth were analyzed in Huining area, the effects of climate change on the suitability of apple planting in Huining plateau and corresponding countermeasures were discussed. It was found that the unique geographical location and suitable climatic conditions in the apple growing area of Huining plateau could meet the growth and development needs of high quality apple growing in plateau. The main meteorological disaster factors affecting apple planting in Huining plateau were hail, late spring cold (frostbite in flowering period) and drought. The influence of climate change on the suitability of apple planting in plateau is all-around. It is suggested that based on meteorological disaster risk management, reasonable utilization of climate resources should be made, and suitable planting should be carried out according to local conditions.
Key words plateau apple; climatic suitability; climate change; meteorological disaster; countermeasure; Huining Gansu
氣候变化将直接引起气候要素变化,进而影响农业生产。苹果作为典型的温带落叶果树,气候条件更是苹果地带性适生分布和品质优劣的前提和基础[1]。会宁位于三大高原交接地带,属中温带半干旱气候区,地处苹果最佳种植地带北纬35.72°,海拔高、土层深厚、土壤肥沃、雨热同期、地域光照时间长、昼夜温差大、无工业污染,具有种植绿色无污染优质苹果(特别是高寒性果木苹果)得天独厚的地理气候条件。目前,高原苹果是革命老区会宁的一项重要产业精准扶贫策略,科学合理发展高原苹果种植应充分探讨种植区光、热、水等气候资源,同时也要考虑气候变化带来的影响。本文从会宁高原苹果生长适宜气候条件出发,结合影响高原苹果生长发育的气象灾害因子和当前产业发展状况,探讨气候变化对会宁高原苹果种植的适宜性影响,并在考虑气象灾害风险管理的前提下,提出一些针对性对策,以期为本地高原苹果产业发展提供决策依据。
1 会宁高原苹果生长适宜气候条件分析
1.1 气温条件(热量条件)
苹果喜冷凉气候,气温是苹果生长和繁殖的重要影响要素,不同气温特征将直接决定苹果生产的数量和布局。只有在年平均气温和生长季月平均气温都比较适合苹果生长的条件下,才会有利于苹果产量和品质的提升。通常来说,适宜苹果生长的年平均气温为9~14 ℃,生长季(4—10月)最适平均气温为12~18 ℃,芽萌动温度为8~10 ℃。热量不足,则花芽分化不良,果实色泽差、小而酸。生长后期,一定的昼夜温差利于果实中干物质的积累,是决定果实品质的重要因素,温带苹果5~7 ℃的昼夜温差最为适宜[2]。