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天然抗氧化剂及其在皮肤科的应用进展

2020-06-29彭丽倩陈教全尹忠浩梁碧华

中国美容医学 2020年6期
关键词:黄酮类氧化应激皮肤病

彭丽倩 陈教全 尹忠浩 梁碧华

[摘要]天然抗氧化剂来源广泛、品种繁多,主要包括多酚类、多糖类、黄酮类、皂甙类、鞣质类及褪黑素类等,其能够清除活性氧、拮抗氧化应激损伤,调控细胞信号转导通路,为UV损伤相关性皮肤病、色素性皮肤病、真菌感染性皮肤病、红斑丘疹鳞屑性皮肤病及过敏性紫癜等治疗提供了广阔的前景。本文着重就天然抗氧化剂的分类、作用机理及其在氧化损伤相关性皮肤病的防治作用方面进行综述。

[关键词]天然抗氧化剂;皮肤病;氧化应激;多酚类;多糖类;黄酮类

Abstract: Natural antioxidants are abundant and widespread, mainly including polyphenols, polysaccharides, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, melatonin. Also it has properties of scavenging radicals, antagonizing oxidative damage and adjusting cell signaling transduction. Up to this point, it provides a broad prospect for the treatment of dermatosis, for instance dermatosis induced by ultraviolet, pigmented dermatosis, mycosis, dermatosis characterized by erythematous and scaling papules, allergic purpura. The paper focus on the classification and action mechanism of natural antioxidants and combatting of oxidative stress dermatosis.

Key words:natural antioxidant; dermatosis; oxidative stress;polyphenols;  polysaccharides; flavonoids

皮肤作为人体最大的器官,是抵御外界机械、化学、物理及生物等各种刺激的第一道防线。而UV照射或臭氧、苯并芘等污染物诱导细胞产生大量的活性氧(Reactive oxygen species, ROS),生成脂质过氧化物,诱发氧化应激损伤及炎症反应,打破体内氧化/抗氧化系统平衡,使机体组织衰退、生理功能低下,损伤皮肤屏障,导致皮肤老化。而随着国民生活素质水平的提高及医学发展的进步,人类寿命的延长,人们对皮肤的保养越来越重视,而天然抗氧化剂来源广泛,具有安全有效、天然无毒、防御氧化损伤及延缓衰老等特性,成为皮肤科领域的研究热点。天然抗氧化剂品种繁多,故本文重点就天然抗氧化剂的分类、作用机制及其与氧化损伤相关性皮肤病进行综述。

1  天然抗氧化剂的分类

无论是通俗文学还是科学文献,对“抗氧化剂”尚无一个明确的定义[1]。一般来讲,抗氧化剂指能清除外来的或内源性生成的ROS,抑制脂质过氧化反应,拮抗DNA损伤[2],保护生物体完整性。

依据其结构可分为非酶类和酶类抗氧化剂。酶类抗氧化剂:超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、醛酮还原酶(Aldo-keto reductase, AKRs)等;非酶类抗氧化剂:天然的植物抗氧化剂、维生素类、胡萝卜素类等重点介绍的天然植物抗氧化剂主要包括多酚类、多糖类、黄酮类、皂甙类、鞣质类、褪黑素类等。

1.1 多酚类:多酚类抗氧化剂包含表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)、表没食子儿茶素(EGC)、表儿茶素没食子酸酯(ECG)等,EGCG是绿茶含量最丰富的活性物质;研究证实,绿茶具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗衰老、抗应激、保护神经及诱导自噬等功能[3],抑制心血管疾病、癌症、阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病,以及糖尿病等慢性病的发生[4]。最新研究发现,绿茶可能是治疗炎症性肠病的一种新手段,通过调节Nrf2、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶等途径,提高抗氧化酶的活性,降低TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、IL-17等的活性;抑制环氧化酶介导的IkB激酶和NFkB的转录,阻遏氧化应激的反应[4]。Li Y等[5]学者发现,茶多酚可通过较强的抗氧化作用,调理肠道微生物群,對于宿主的健康产生正面的影响。

从姜科类植物姜黄根中提取的一种黄色的成分—姜黄素,为酸性多酚类。是AP-1、核因子-kB的抑制物,还可抑制c-Jun N端激酶的活性,有效拮抗UV辐射诱导的DNA损伤,具有抗氧化、抗炎及抗增殖等作用。Liu X等[6]发现姜黄素能够减轻UV诱导的人皮肤成纤维细胞的DNA损伤,清除细胞内ROS,致过氧化脂质水平下降,防护光损伤。最新研究已证实,姜黄素能够激活MAPK-Nrf2/ARE通路,上调CAT、SOD、GSH-Px等抗氧化酶基因的表达,减少ROS、MDA含量,遏止氧化应激损伤,发挥抗氧化效用[6]。

紫檀芪是白藜芦醇的第3位和第5位两个酚羟基被甲氧基替代所衍生的非黄酮类多酚化合物,能够激活Bcl-2相关X蛋白的表达,减少ROS生成具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗老化、镇痛等作用[7-8]。Li H等[9]报道,紫檀芪可调控PI3K介导的Nrf2/ARE信号途径,提高抗氧化酶的活性,清除UV致ROS,减弱DNA损伤,拮抗UVB导致角质形成细胞损伤。

1.2 多糖类:枸杞多糖是从枸杞果实中提取出来的水溶性的天然植物多糖,具有抗氧化、抗衰老、抗辐射、抗肿瘤等多种功效,枸杞多糖可激活Nrf2通路,提高SOD、GSH-Px等抗氧化酶活性,降低ROS水平,减轻氧化应激损害。除此,其通过介导p53信号通路,降低p53、p21、bax基因的表达,增加双微体基因2和端粒酶基因表达,抑制机体氧化应激反应及细胞凋亡过程[10-11]。

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[5]Barbalho SM,Bosso H,Salzedas-Pescinini LM,et al.Green tea: A possibility in the therapeutic approach of inflammatory bowel diseases?Green tea and inflammatory bowel diseases[J].Complement Ther Med,2019,43:148-153.

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[7]Liu X,Zhang R,Shi H,et al.Protective effect of curcumin against ultraviolet A irradiationinduced photoaging in human dermal fibroblasts[J].Mol Med Rep,2018,17(5):7227-7237.

[8]Li YR,Li S,Lin CC.Effect of resveratrol and pterostilbene on aging and longevity[J].Biofactors,2018,44(1):69-82.

[9]Li H,Jiang N,Liang B,et al.Pterostilbene protects against UVB-induced photo-damage through a phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-dependent Nrf2/ARE pathway in human keratinocytes[J].Redox Rep,2017,22(6):501-507.

[10]Liang B,Peng L,Li R,et al.Lycium barbarum polysaccharide protects HSF cells against ultraviolet-induced damage through the activation of Nrf2[J].Cell Mol Biol Lett,2018,23:18.

[11]Xia G,Xin N,Liu W,et al.Inhibitory effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on cell apoptosis and senescence is potentially mediated by the p53 signaling pathway[J].Mol Med Rep, 2014,9(4):1237-1241.

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[16]Bonomini F,Borsani E,Favero G,et al.Dietary melatonin supplementation could be a promising preventing/therapeutic approach for a variety of liver diseases[J].Nutrients,2018,10(9):1135.

[17]Karaaslan C,Suzen S.Antioxidant properties of melatonin and its potential action in diseases[J].Curr Top Med Chem, 2015,15(9):894-903.

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