通因通用法治疗消渴病多汗证
2020-05-21杜慧玉王莉
杜慧玉 王莉
[摘要] 消渴病多汗證属于西医中糖尿病泌汗异常症的范畴,是糖尿病最常见的并发症之一。消渴病患者多随病情进展后或确诊时出现汗出过多,给生活带来困扰,也给年轻患者带来精神压力。中医治疗汗证多认为阳虚自汗,阴虚盗汗而忽略消渴病患者病机复杂,阴阳失衡,营卫不调,临床单纯应用补法疗效不佳或病反加重。有幸跟随第四批全国中医临床优秀人才计划中的名医出诊学习,业余时间加入建设名老中医工作室项目,整理名老中医临床医案,总结其宝贵经验,收货颇丰。余观近代多数医家认为通因通用法多为汗法,其只适用于治疗下利、崩漏、腹泻等症,然而跟随名医学习及整理名老中医中发现,医家认为凡以疏和气血,调和营卫为目的,均可认为是通法。翻阅资料及跟诊学习,临床观察多数消渴病患者以阳虚为本,阴虚内热为标,脏腑失于滋养,气血不运,气滞血瘀,或不循常道,留而成痰成瘀。痰、瘀之邪伏而熏蒸阴液,迫津外泄,因此单纯固表止汗效果不佳。根据消渴病临床病因将消渴病多汗证患者大致分为3型,分别为脾虚湿盛型、湿热内蕴型、痰凝血瘀型,分别通过燥湿健脾,温阳散寒、清热化湿、化痰活血,扶正祛邪等方法,临床效果颇佳。有幸跟从名老中医学习,将其宝贵经验总结如下,希望能够领会其深意,传其精髓。
[关键词] 消渴病;汗证;通因通用法
[中图分类号] R249 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1672-4062(2020)01(b)-0196-03
[Abstract] The syndrome of hyperhidrosis of diabetes is one of the most common complications of diabetes in Western medicine. Patients with diabetes have more sweating after the disease progresses or when they are diagnosed, which brings trouble to life and brings mental stress to young patients. Traditional Chinese medicine treatment of sweat syndrome is considered to be YANG deficiency and spontaneous sweating, YIN deficiency and night sweats, and neglecting the complicated pathogenesis of patients with diabetes. The YIN and YANG imbalance, the camp was not adjusted, and the clinical application of supplementation was not effective or the disease was aggravated. I was fortunate enough to follow the famous doctors in the fourth batch of national excellent TCM clinical talents program to make house calls, and to join the construction of famous TCM studio project in my spare time, to sort out the clinical cases of famous TCM, summarize their valuable experience, and gain a lot of benefits. In modern times, most medical experts believed that the common method was mainly perspiration method, which was only suitable for the treatment of hypoxia, avidosis, diarrhea and other diseases. However, it was found in learning from famous doctors and arranging famous old Chinese medicine doctors believed that the common method could be regarded as the common method for the purpose of thinning qi and blood, harmonizing ying and defending. According to the data and clinical study, clinical observation is that most of the patients with diabetes are based on Yang deficiency, and the internal heat of Yin deficiency is the standard. Phlegm, blood stasis and fumigate Yin liquid, forced fluid leakage, so simply solid table antiperspirant effect is not good. According to the clinical etiology of diabetes, the patients with diabetes hyperhidremia syndrome were divided into three types, namely, spleen deficiency and dampness, dampness-heat intrinsic type, and spittostasis and blood stasis type. The methods of dryness and dampness strengthening the spleen, warming the Yang and dispelling the cold, clearing the heat and dampening the dampness, resolving phlegm and activating blood circulation, and strengthening the body and eliminating evil spirits respectively had good clinical effect. I have the honor to learn from famous old Chinese medicine practitioners and summarize their valuable experience as follows. I hope to understand their profound meaning and convey their essence.
[Key words] Diabetes mellitus; Sweat syndrome; Common cause
消渴病患者由于自主神经病变,导致汗腺异常排汗,多表现为双下肢少汗或无汗,以皮肤干燥为主,而上半身汗出过多[1],可分为自汗、盗汗。《素问·阴阳别论》有云:“阳加于阴为之汗”。汗证以汗液外泄为主,源于阴阳失衡,营卫不调,腠理开阖不利。消渴病患者往往汗出过多不伴有情绪因素或外来刺激影响,以时时汗出,动辄尤甚为主要临床表现。近年来2型糖尿病发病率逐年上升,主要由于国人饮食结构的改变,嗜食肥甘、生冷、辛辣之物,以致损耗脾阳,脾胃运化失职,津液不得化生变为痰浊。《医学从众录》[2]有云:“痰之本,水也,原于肾;痰之动,湿也,原于脾”,据何诗雯等[3]人临床观察研究常见消渴病患者夹痰夹湿。医家赵献可创命门理论[4],其治病尤辨痰,认为“气郁而湿滞,湿滞而成热,热郁而成痰,痰滞而血不行,相因为病也。”提出了痰湿阻滞气血运行,气滞则血不行留而成瘀,血虚则脉道空虚,脏腑失于濡养久而变症丛生,与吾师“治气不治病”理论不谋而合。石鹤峰教授[5]认为痰瘀既是消渴病的重要病因,也是病理产物,痰瘀同源,乃是消渴病并发症的根本原因;医家祝谌予[6]认为消渴病过程中脉络瘀阻既是病因也是病理产物,痰、淤、湿、热互结阻碍气机,使脏腑功能受损,最终导致阴阳两虚,虚实夹杂。现代医学研究证明,糖尿病患者确诊时患者存在胰岛素抵抗,胰岛β细胞已处于代偿期[7],而胰岛素与脂肪、蛋白质代谢密切相关。糖尿病患者血糖控制不佳,导致炎症反应,破坏胰岛β细胞,产生一系列氧化应激反应,其中MCP-1可形成泡沫细胞,影响内皮功能[8]。因此大都出现高血脂症,即糖脂症[9],病情可进展为动脉粥样硬化或胰岛素抵抗[10],属于中医痰湿蕴结之证。认为消渴病患者出现临床表现时已存在正气偏虚,正如《灵枢》所言“肝、脾、肾脆则善病消瘅易伤”[11],痰浊湿盛困阻脾阳,脾虚无以运化水谷,不能化为气血精微物质营养周身,而痰浊裹挟津液,加重痰湿。痰浊不循常道,随气留于经络,使气血不调,营卫不和,玄府开阖不利而成汗;或湿邪郁遏阳气,腠理开阖失常而为汗。临床治疗仅单纯益气敛汗往往疗效欠佳,吾师多以祛痰化湿为主,辅以健脾益气补虚。
1 通因通用法治疗消渴病汗证
消渴病汗证患者虽有汗出,但所出之汗乃为“病汗”[12],阳气与阴液不能相互为用,病汗虽久,不能调节营卫,不足以去病。消渴病汗证患者病机复杂,以虚为本,痰瘀为标,此类患者存在糖尿病基础疾病,素有阴虚内热,正气不足,加之汗出过多,阴虚更盛,虚热炼液为痰,痰随气行,阻滞经络,津血两伤,虚实夹杂,阴阳失调,“病汗”由此愈来愈重[13]。消渴病汗证之人舌象多为舌质暗红,或有瘀斑,舌体胖大,或边有齿痕,苔白腻厚,或苔黄腻,脉多沉滑,虚实夹杂。单纯收敛固涩以止汗,邪无所出,效果不佳。通因通用法不仅限于治疗泄泻、下利、崩漏等症,只要以“疏其血气”使气血和平,阴阳调和为法均可视为通法。有学者临床辩证施治,针对消渴病患者不仅局限于阳虚者多自汗阴虚者多盗汗这一大纲,临床多以清利为主,配合健脾益气之法,使邪有所出,则病乃愈。《内经.至真要大论》有云:“热因热用、寒因寒用、塞因塞用、通因通用,必伏其所主而先其所因,其始则同,其终则异。”
2 消渴病汗证的证治分型
2.1 脾虚湿盛证
患者由于素体脾阳不振,或外感寒湿,起居无常,加之饮食不节,过食生冷,伤及脾阳。糖尿病发病初期往往不常见阴虚燥热之象[14],而多见倦怠乏力,四肢沉重,胃胀满不适,大便不成形,便粘不爽之脾虚湿困表现。脾阳亏虚,水谷精微运化失常,停为水湿,困阻脾阳,脾阳虚日久,气血亏虚,卫阳不固,表虚易感风寒湿之邪,腠理时开时阖,汗出异常。临床多见:自汗或手足濈然汗出,汗量不大,疲乏倦怠,脘腹痞闷,口淡不渴,大便不成形,黏腻不爽。舌质多胖大多有齿痕,苔腻而滑,脉沉缓。治以燥湿健脾,温阳散寒。临床自拟祛湿方:白术15 g、白芷15 g、法半夏20 g、石菖蒲20 g、净山楂20 g、陳皮15 g、芡实10 g、麸炒薏苡仁20 g、桂枝15 g、茯苓20 g、砂仁6 g、白豆蔻15 g。白术、白芷、法半夏、麸炒薏苡仁能燥湿化湿,湿邪祛除则脾方能健运;石菖蒲、陈皮、白豆蔻、砂仁健脾燥湿理气,使气机恢复正常的升降出入;桂枝温阳化气以扶脾土。全方健脾燥湿为主,辅以温补脾胃,使后天之本得以健运,腠理得以卫阳温煦,则汗自止。
2.2 湿热内蕴证
消渴病患者素喜肥甘辛辣之物,脾胃酝酿湿热之邪,或消渴日久,肝脾肾亏虚,脾虚不运成湿,郁久化热,湿热内盛,湿热之邪迫津外泄;或肝失疏泄,气郁化火,玄府开泄不利而汗出异常[15]。临床多见:汗出黏腻,头身困重,食欲减退,纳呆,大便黏腻,小便发黄,舌质红,苔黄腻,脉滑数。临床治以清热化湿、畅通气机, 虽不止汗而汗自止。临床多用龙胆泻肝汤或温胆汤加减。方中龙胆草、柴胡、黄芩、栀子能清厥阴、少阳、三焦之热,泽泻、木通、车前子引热从小便出,当归、生地以养肝阴,全方“但去其火而湿自清”。临证时首要清热化湿,不可闭门留寇。
2.3 痰凝血瘀证
消渴病日久患者或老年型消渴病患者,素体脾虚失健,内生痰湿,痰湿阻络,导致气滞血瘀,营卫不通,津液不得归经,腠理不密,时有汗出[16]。或痰瘀气滞,郁久化热,迫津外泄。《血证论》[17]有云:“淤血在肌肉,则翕翕发热,自汗、盗汗。”临床多见夜间汗出过多,手足心热,口渴而不欲饮,可伴有肢体刺痛部位。舌质暗或紫,伴有瘀斑或淤点,舌下络脉粗大或长,脉弦或涩。治以化痰活血,扶正祛邪之法,吾师多用血府逐瘀汤加味。方中以红花、桃仁为君,可活血化瘀,行血润燥;牛膝可引血下行,通经活血;川芎与相配更助君药活血化瘀之力,又可行气止痛;桔梗配伍枳壳,一升一降可行气宽胸,载药上行,配伍柴胡增加行气力量。全方活血而不伤血,若患者痰瘀严重,阻碍阳气入于阴,可予温胆汤加味,以理气化痰、和胃利胆,阴阳平和。
3 临证医案
董某,男,52岁。初诊(2019年6月):患者近3年时有烘热汗出,以上半身为主,近半年明显加重,活动后尤甚。口苦,纳佳,睡眠正常,大便成形,质粘。情绪不佳。糖尿病3年余,血糖控制尚可:空腹血糖6~7 mmol/L,餐后2 h血糖8~9 mmol/L。舌质淡,体胖大,苔白厚腻略黄干。脉弦数。该患者综合舌脉辨证为湿热内蕴证,治以清热化湿,方用龙胆泻肝汤加味。
处方:龙胆草6 g,黄芩9 g,栀子9 g,泽泻12 g,木通6 g,当归3 g,生地9 g,柴胡6 g,甘草8 g,车前子9 g,麸炒白术15 g,白芍15 g,白芷15 g。
按诊:应用龙胆泻肝汤以清湿热,加白术、白芷以健脾、化湿,使水谷运化,加白芍以柔肝敛肝,全方肝脾两调,使湿热从小便走,驱邪扶正。
二诊(2019年7月):患者服药后汗出明显减少,口苦消失,大便正常。上方续服以巩固疗效。
4 小结
西医认为糖尿病病在胰腺,中医脏腑辨证责之于脾、肝、肾。施今墨老先生认为脾者,主运化,运化者,代谢也[18]。消渴病患者脾虚则运化无力,“正谷不化反浊秽为毒”,《景岳全书》[19]亦有云: “惟其(水谷)不能尽化,十留一二,则一二为痰,十留三四,则三四为痰,甚至留其七八,则但血气日消,则痰涎日多矣。”痰随气升,所阻之处皆留为瘀,痰瘀化热,迫津外泄;湿邪内生,阳气亏耗,腠理开阖不利,皆发而为汗。中医一般治汗之法,大多遵循《临证医案指南》:阳虚自汗,治宜补气以卫外;阴虚盗汗,治当补阴以营内。故治疗汗证多以“补”立法。有学者认为,汗证病机复杂,治法多端,但其治法可理解为“通”与“塞”。“塞”为收敛止汗法,“通”乃清热化湿法、活血逐瘀法。消渴病汗证患者存在基础疾病,虚实夹杂,因此不能单纯益气固表止汗,使邪伏留于内。治疗消渴病患者多汗证时也要监控患者血糖,防止病情加重。针对消渴病患者阴虚燥热,正虚邪实的病机特点,临床也可加用当归六黄汤[20],以滋阴清热,纳气止汗;或辅以知柏地黄汤以养阴清热,改善患者糖脂代谢紊乱。中医力求辩证准确,攻补兼施,使疗效显著,及早减轻患者病痛,延缓病情进展。
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(收稿日期:2019-10-23)