APP下载

额济纳旗地区晚石炭-晚二叠世地层沉积学和年代学研究及其构造背景分析*

2020-05-08杜一滨张焱杰徐备杨振宁王志伟王智慧

岩石学报 2020年4期
关键词:砾岩紫红色锆石

杜一滨 张焱杰 徐备** 杨振宁 王志伟 王智慧

1. 河北地质大学区域地质与成矿作用重点实验室,石家庄 0500312. 河北地质大学资源学院,石家庄 050031

中国北方中部的北山-额济纳旗地区是连接西部天山造山带与东部兴蒙造山带的纽带,也是理解古亚洲洋形成、演化和消亡的重要地区(Lietal., 2009;任纪舜等,2013;Xiaoetal., 2015),对其构造演化的认识一直有不同观点。一种观点认为,古亚洲洋的闭合发生于中-晚泥盆世,之后进入大规模的陆内伸展演化阶段,地壳性质属于拉张型过渡壳(何国琦和李茂松,2004),从石炭纪到二叠纪以发育裂谷和有限洋盆为特征(左国朝和何国琦,1990;Zuoetal., 1991;吴泰然和何国琦,1993;Xiaetal., 2008, 2012;Xuetal., 2013; 徐学义等, 2006, 2008)。另一种观点认为古亚洲洋的俯冲一直持续到二叠纪末期,发育多期沟弧盆体系和加积楔(Xiaoetal., 2010)。

额济纳旗地区出露较完整的晚古生代地层(内蒙古自治区地质矿产局,1991),是研究兴蒙造山带演化过程的理想地区。近年来在晚古生代古地理格局研究方面,提出了隆起与坳陷相伴生的构造格局,并揭示了其对沉积相带和油气地质条件的控制(卢进才等,2011,2012,2017a,2018)。另一方面,通过锆石年代学测试,对银额盆地西南缘北山及北缘红石山地区原早石炭世火山岩进行了重新厘定,揭示了一批晚石炭世-中二叠世火山岩,使得该时期火山作用的年代格架更为清晰(卢进才等,2013;牛亚卓等,2013,2018a;陈高潮等,2016)。银额盆地西南缘甘肃北山的地层格架及全盆地的层序地层学研究也取得长足的进展,查明北山南部下石炭统到中二叠统为基本连续的沉积层序,代表由小型断陷海盆发育为大型裂谷盆地的演化过程(Niuetal., 2018;牛亚卓等,2018b;卢进才等,2018)。

为了进一步解释额济纳旗地区沉积古地理特征并与甘肃北山进行沉积古地理对比,需要对与晚石炭世-二叠纪火山岩交替产出的沉积岩系开展精细研究,查明多期次岩浆活动与沉积作用的过程,揭示隆起与坳陷伴生的构造格局对沉积作用的控制和火山物质、造山带及古老基底剥蚀物质等不同物源对于沉积体系的贡献。因此本文选择额济纳旗地区的3个典型露头区,在实测沉积地层剖面基础上,分析沉积相及其古地理,并通过碎屑锆石定年方法推测地层形成时代、查明不同物源对于沉积体系的贡献,以便准确分析晚石炭世-晚二叠世额济纳旗地区的构造背景。

1 区域构造背景

研究区属于天山-兴蒙造山带中段(图1a),可划分为4个构造单元(图1b),从北到南依次为黑鹰山-额济纳旗坳陷带、马鬃山-切刀隆起带、红柳泉-巴丹吉林坳陷带和敦煌-阿拉善隆起带(郝海洋,2013;卢进才等,2018)。黑鹰山-额济纳旗坳陷带南以明水-公路井断裂为界,北至中蒙边境,向西延入新疆的北天山,东段延入蒙古国境内。带内发育早古生代造山带的奥陶纪及泥盆纪地层,并于晚泥盆世之后进入板内演化阶段(徐学义等,2008)。晚石炭世-晚二叠世发育裂陷盆地,形成滨浅海相碎屑岩建造及双峰式火山岩组合(陈高潮等,2016)。

图1 研究区大地构造位置(a)、构造单元归属(b)及地质图(c)(据卢进才等,2018)

马鬃山-切刀隆起带南界为石板井-小黄山断裂,北界为明水-公路井断裂,西与中天山隆起相连,向东延入蒙古国。该隆起带可能由多个不连续的“微陆块”形成隆-坳相间的古地貌构架,从西向东依次有马鬃山古陆、赛汗陶来古陆及切刀古陆等古老基底(卢进才等,2012,2017a),例如在切刀东部亚干地区花岗质片麻岩中获得了916±16Ma的锆石年龄,表明该区属于青白口纪的变质岩系(王涛等,2001)。石炭纪-二叠纪该带发育多期花岗质岩浆侵入活动;晚二叠世晚期发育浅海相碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩和火山-沉积建造。

红柳泉-巴丹吉林坳陷带以牛圈子-洗肠井断裂和恩格尔乌苏断裂为北界,孤山-红柳泉断裂及雅布赖哈拉乌山断裂为南界。坳陷带内发育于石炭-二叠纪地层,石炭系主要为碎屑岩建造及含火山岩碎屑-碳酸盐建造;二叠系主要为海相碎屑岩及海相碳酸盐岩建造;宗乃山到沙拉扎山发育晚二叠世辉长岩-二长花岗岩组合的双峰式侵入岩。

敦煌-阿拉善隆起带出露大量前寒武纪基底。西部阿尔金山北缘至敦煌西南主要出露米兰岩群和敦煌岩群,新元古界盖层由碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩建造组成(刘永顺等,2009)。显生宙期间还记录了早古生代岩浆-变质作用及晚古生代岩浆作用(赵燕,2017)。东部阿拉善-狼山隆起带整体呈现出向南突出的弧形,结晶基底为中太古代迭布斯格岩群和古元古代阿拉善岩群,沉积盖层有中-新元古界碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩建造,并发育多期岩浆活动(内蒙古自治区地质矿产局,1991)。

2 晚古生代沉积学研究

研究区位于额济纳旗地区,分别涉及红石山-额济纳旗坳陷带和马鬃山-切刀隆起带。具体包括大狐狸山地区上石炭-下二叠统干泉组下段、额济纳旗东北八道桥二叠系、额济纳旗埋汗哈达地区二叠纪埋汗哈达组和嘎顺扎德盖地区中二叠统哈尔苏海组等4个实测剖面,代表银额盆地北缘晚石炭世到中二叠世典型沉积层序(图1c)。

(1)大狐狸山地区上石炭统-下二叠统干泉组下段(图1c中的D1剖面)

前人研究将甘泉组分为下段碎屑岩和上段火山岩,本剖面属于下段,位于嘎顺淖尔西部大狐狸山附近,共15层(图2),总厚度494m(起点坐标:N42°22′00″、E100°4′57″;终点坐标:N42°21′36″E100°4′45″),其层序如下:

闪长玢岩侵入

15. 黑色粉砂质泥岩 119.7m

14. 青灰色细砾岩夹细砂、粉砂岩 20.9m

13. 黑色粉砂质泥岩 69.9m

12. 青灰色中砂岩、细砂岩、粉砂岩 29.6m

11. 黑色粉砂质泥岩 42.5m

10. 泥岩夹细-中砂岩 48m

闪长玢岩侵入 10m

9. 紫红色砾岩 2.2m

8. 黑色细砂岩与粉砂岩互层 16.6m

7. 黑色泥岩 18.7m

6. 黑色粉砂岩与中、细砂岩互层 21.6m

5. 黑色细砂岩与黄绿色粉砂岩互层 13.0m

图2 额济纳旗大狐狸山地区干泉组沉积相综合柱状图

4. 黑色泥质粉砂岩夹黄褐色细砂岩 15.9m

闪长玢岩侵入 3m

3. 黑色粉砂岩 7.2m

2. 含砾中、粗砂岩 20.2m

1. 灰绿色和黑色细砂岩 18m

---------未见底----------

根据岩性组合、沉积构造等特征,将干泉组下段分为滨海相、前三角洲相和三角洲前缘相等三种沉积相类型(图2):

滨海相由剖面1~6层组成,厚约95.6m,由灰黑色中厚层粗砂岩、细砂岩的韵律组成(图2a),单个韵律厚约0.5~1m,砂岩中发育水平纹层(图2b)、小型低角度斜层理;3~6层为片理化黑色、黄绿色细砂岩、粉砂岩互层层序,厚约57.7m,水平纹层发育。上述沉积构造表明这些碎屑岩应形成于水动力较强、分选作用较好且物质供应较充分的滨海环境。

前三角洲相由黑灰色厚层泥岩及粉砂岩组成(图2c),包括剖面的7、10、11、13和15层,各层厚度几十米或百米,呈块状构造,内部结构均一,未见沉积层理,反应低能环境,符合前三角洲相的特征(陈建强等,2004;安慰等,2012)。

三角洲前缘相为剖面的8~9层、12层及14层,厚度分别为18.8m、29.6m和20.9m,其共同特征是紫红色含砾砂岩、砂岩及粉砂岩构成旋回,单个旋回厚约1~3m,总体表现为向上粒度加粗、厚度加大的趋势。砂岩可分凝灰质砂岩和含砾砂岩两类,前者具中细粒结构,碎屑颗粒为长石和石英及少量泥岩岩屑,后者均为透镜状不连续分布,呈微正地形,其底部可达砾岩并与下伏泥岩呈突变或下切关系,其中的砾石多为黑色泥砾,呈不规则状或扁平状,长轴约3~5cm,无分选,定向排列(图2d)。这种泥砾的出现是由水流侵蚀下伏地层所造成,是三角洲水道砂岩的标志。因此,这些粗碎屑层序应归为三角洲前缘。

本剖面地层发育三次从前三角洲相到三角洲前缘相的旋回,具有向上粒度变粗的特征,属于由三角洲快速供应为主的近岸滨海带沉积环境。

(2)额济纳旗东北八道桥二叠系剖面(图1c中的B2剖面)

1:20万地质调查(甘肃省地质局地质力学区调队,1981(1)甘肃省地质局地质力学区域测量队. 1979. 六驼山幅1:20万区域地质调查报告)显示该区下二叠统为一套火山-碎屑岩建造,呈北东向展布,可分上、下段。下段为沉积岩段,包括粗砾岩、中砾岩、细砾岩、粗砂岩夹少量薄层细砂岩;上段为火山碎屑岩段,岩石组合主要为厚层英安质-流纹质凝灰岩夹沉凝灰岩,显示多个喷发旋回。本研究主要对八道桥下二叠统碎屑岩段进行了剖面实测(图3),共31层,总厚度543m(起点坐标:N42°3′33″、E101°21′29″;终点坐标:N42°3′11″ E101°22′17″),其层序如下:

上覆地层:八道桥下二叠统火山岩段

-------整合-------

31. 紫红色砂岩与泥岩互层 17m

30. 紫红色粗砂岩夹砾岩 14.4m

29. 紫红色粉砂质泥岩 15.7m

28. 紫红色砾岩-砂岩-泥岩韵律 17.5m

27. 紫红色砾岩夹砂岩 22.6m

26. 紫红色粉-细砂岩、紫红色粉砂岩 27m

25. 青灰色含砾中砂岩 14.2m

24. 紫红色中-粉砂岩韵律 14.2m

23. 紫红色细-中砾岩 2.7m

22. 灰绿色砂岩与砾岩互层 5.3m

灰绿色闪长玢岩侵入 10m

21. 灰绿色细粒岩 9.7m

20. 紫红色细砂岩与粗砂岩互层 15.9m

19. 青灰色砾岩与砂岩互层 28.3m

18. 青灰色砾岩与粗砂岩互层 44.3m

17. 青灰色含砾粗砂岩-青灰色砾岩 4.4m

16. 红褐色砾岩-细砂岩韵律 13.3m

15. 紫红色细砂岩夹青灰色砾岩 26.6m

14. 红褐色-青灰色砾岩 7.7m

13. 砂岩夹砾岩 22.3m

12. 青灰色-红褐色砾岩 18.6m

11. 紫红色砂岩夹砾岩 8.4m

10. 紫红色-灰黑色砾岩 8.0m

9. 青灰色砾岩-红褐色细砂岩韵律 7.1m

8. 紫红色砾岩与细砂互层 23.9m

7. 青灰色砂岩夹砾岩 25.2m

6. 红褐色砾岩 17.3m

5. 青灰色砾岩 13.3m

4. 黑色粉砂岩 9.7m

第四纪沉积物 35m

3. 青灰色砾岩与紫红色粗砂岩互层 23.9m

2. 青灰色砾岩与中-粗砂岩互层 22.6m

1. 灰绿色凝灰岩 42m

---------未见底----------

图3 额济纳旗八道桥地区下二叠统沉积相综合柱状图

剖面由巨厚的紫红色砾岩、砂岩多次重复组成旋回,各旋回的厚度变化于10~50m,以厚层砾岩为底形成多个正韵律(图3a)。砾石分选、磨圆度均差(图3b),成分复杂,包括大理岩、燧石、石英岩、钙质粉砂岩砾石(图3c)。砂岩多为中厚层状或薄层状,具不平行不连续层理(图3d)。碎屑呈次棱角状,分选较差,杂基支撑,铁质及钙质胶结。上述特征表明该层序形成于干旱条件下的快速沉积,属陆相洪冲积环境产物。

(3)阿拉善右旗埋汗哈达地区二叠纪埋汗哈达组剖面(图1c中的M1剖面)

剖面位于内蒙古自治区阿拉善左旗笋布尔乡埋汗哈达附近,不整合于志留纪园包山组之上。剖面共20层(图4),总厚度484.9m(起点坐标:N41°44′38″、E102°54′48″;终点坐标:N41°44′8″ E102°54′10″),其层序如下:

上覆地层:阿其德组

------整合------

灰绿色闪长玢岩 10m

20. 青灰色细砂岩 28.9m

19. 灰绿色泥岩与黄褐色细砂岩互层 23.9m

18. 褐红色石英砂岩 9.4m

17. 青灰色泥岩 52.1m

16. 青灰色泥岩夹中砂岩 62.8m

15. 紫红色粉砂岩与黄褐、青灰色泥岩互层 62.8m

14. 青灰色细砂岩 30.2m

13. 紫红色石英砂岩与泥岩互层 18.8m

12. 紫红色泥岩夹青灰色灰岩透镜体 12.6m

11. 青灰色泥岩与粉砂岩互层 20.7m

10. 青灰色生物碎屑灰岩 0.6m

9. 青灰色粉砂岩与泥岩互层 5.0m

8. 紫红色生物碎屑灰岩 1.3m

图4 阿拉善右旗埋汗哈达地区埋汗哈达组沉积相综合柱状图

7. 紫红色石英砂岩、紫红色石英砂岩夹黄褐色砂岩 23.9m

6. 灰绿色中砂-红褐色细砂-灰绿色泥岩体层 28.3m

5. 青灰色泥岩与红褐色泥岩互层、青灰色泥岩 55.3m

4. 青灰色灰岩 3.1m

3. 灰绿色泥岩粉砂岩互层 20.1m

2. 青灰色灰岩 5.0m

1. 褐红色砾岩、褐红色中-细砾岩 10.1m

~~~~~~~~~角度不整合~~~~~~~~

下伏地层:志留系园包山组

根据岩性组合、沉积构造等特征,将埋汗哈达组从下向上分为洪冲积相、滨海泻湖相和滨海相等三种类型。它们构成一个从陆相到海相变化的沉积序列(图4):

洪冲积相即剖面第1层巨厚紫红色砾岩-砂岩旋回(图4a),底部不整合于志留系园包山组浊积岩之上。砾岩呈块状构造,层厚不稳定但稍具韵律变化,砾石成分有粉砂岩、凝灰质砂岩、石英岩等,无分选,磨圆好;砂岩为具块状层理的含砾长石石英砂岩。根据这些砾岩和砂岩的颜色、沉积构造、成份、结构成熟度及其与下伏地层的不整合关系判断,这些砾岩应属洪冲积相,代表新的沉积旋回开始。

图5 额济纳旗嘎顺扎德盖地区上二叠统哈尔苏海组沉积相综合柱状图

滨海泻湖相由2~6层、8~13层以及15~17层组成,以紫红色粉砂、泥互层韵律层理为特征;粉砂岩具水平纹层(图4b),泥岩为块状构造;7~11层粉砂岩中夹有两层紫红色白云岩(2m和1m),12层紫红色泥岩中也夹有透镜状白云岩,其内均含有大量生物碎屑(以海百合茎和腕足类最多,其次为腹足类、苔藓虫等)和岩屑(图4c)。这些特征表明沉积环境不是正常流通的海相环境,而可能是干旱气候条件下半封闭的滨海泻湖环境。15~17层为紫红色薄层粉砂岩、泥岩韵律状互层,厚层泥岩具有细纹层。第17层为厚层泥岩,呈块状构造,内部结构均一,成分为极细的火山灰物质,代表水动力条件较弱的泻湖环境。

滨海相由剖面的地7、14及18~20层组成,为青灰色砂岩及砂岩、泥岩韵律层(图4d),发育水平层理,表明沉积环境转为水动力较强的滨海相。

(4)晚二叠世哈尔苏海组(图1c中的M3剖面)

哈尔苏海组主要出露于银额盆地北缘的洪果尔山地区,与埋汗哈达组未见直接接触。本次该组实测剖面分30层(图5),总厚度487.9m(起点坐标:N41°49′12″、E102°53′25″;终点坐标:N41°49′40″ E102°53′34″),其层序如下:

------未见顶------

30. 青灰色细砂岩夹粗砂岩 5.7m

29. 灰绿色粉砂岩与泥质粉砂岩互层 9.0m

28. 灰黑色粗砂岩-灰绿色粉砂质泥岩韵律 9.3m

27. 灰绿色细砂岩与粉砂岩互层 14.7m

26. 青灰色粉砂质泥岩 15.8m

第四系沉积物 7m

25. 灰黑色粉砂岩与青灰色细砂岩互层 12.8m

24. 浅灰绿色中-细砂岩-粉砂岩韵律 11.7m

第四纪沉积物 57m

23. 灰绿色细砂岩-泥质粉砂岩韵律 26.4m

22. 灰绿色粉砂岩与灰色粉砂质泥岩 11.7m

21. 灰绿色粉砂岩-粉砂质泥岩韵律层 14.2m

20. 粉砂岩与粉砂质泥岩互层 13.6m

19. 灰绿色细砂岩-粉砂质泥岩韵律层 19.6m

18. 灰绿色细砂与粉砂岩互层 5.4m

17. 灰绿色粉砂岩与细砂岩互层 29.4m

16. 青灰色粉砂岩 10.3m

15. 青灰色砂屑灰岩 12.5m

14. 青灰色泥质粉砂岩与粉-细砂岩互层 31.6m

13. 青灰色细砂岩与粉砂岩互层 40.3m

12. 青灰色粉砂质泥岩 14.2m

11. 泥质粉砂岩、粉砂质泥岩夹细砂岩 12.5m

10. 青灰色泥质粉砂岩、粉砂质泥岩互层 41.9m

9. 青灰色泥质粉砂岩与粉砂质泥岩互层 32.1m

8. 青灰色细砂岩与粉砂岩互层 10.3m

7. 青灰色粉砂质泥岩 9.3m

6. 青灰色细砂岩和粉砂岩韵律层 10.9m

5. 青灰色粉砂质泥岩夹粉-细砂岩 25m

4. 泥质粉砂岩夹粉砂岩 39.2m

3. 青灰色细砂岩 15.2m

2. 青灰色薄层状粉砂岩与细砂岩互层 31.6m

1. 青灰色细砂岩与粉砂岩互层 10.9m

------未见底------

该组层序总体为青灰色砂岩泥岩韵律层(图5a),虽厚度巨大,但变化单调。单个韵律厚度为1~5m左右,局部夹灰岩透镜体。砂岩为块状构造,中细粒碎屑结构,杂基含量较少;多层砂岩发育水平纹层和交错层理(图5b, c),在14层出现波痕构造(图5d),这些沉积构造表明该组形成于水动力较强的滨海沉积环境。

3 晚古生代年代学研究

3.1 样品概况

为了准确约束银额盆地北缘石炭-二叠系地层的年代学特征,笔者对大狐狸山地区晚石炭-早二叠统干泉组、八道桥地区下二叠统、埋汗哈达地区下二叠统埋汗哈达组和上二叠统哈尔苏海组的碎屑岩进行了系统的锆石U-Pb定年研究。

样品D1-23为岩屑砂岩,采于干泉组下段D1剖面的第14层,镜下观察,碎屑物直径在0.2~1.0mm之间,分选性较差,磨圆度呈次棱角状-次圆状。样品中的杂基含量约为5%,呈孔隙式胶结,以泥质胶结为主,结构成熟度中等(图6a)。样品中石英约占30%,岩屑约占60%,岩屑主要为火山岩岩屑及泥岩岩屑。

样品B2-7为岩屑石英砂岩,采于八道桥地区下二叠统B1剖面的第31层,镜下观察,碎屑物直径在0.05~0.3mm之间,分选性差,磨圆度较差。样品中的杂基含量约为5%,呈接触式胶结,以钙质胶结为主,结构成熟度中等(图6b)。样品中石英约占60%,岩屑约占20%,长石约占10%,样品中常见次生方解石、绿泥石等矿物。

样品M1-12为长石杂砂岩,采于埋汗哈达地区上二叠统埋汗哈达组M1剖面的第20层,镜下观察,碎屑物直径在0.05~0.3mm之间,分选性中等,磨圆度较差。样品中的杂基含量约为15%,呈基底式胶结,以硅质胶结为主(图6c)。样品中长石约占65%,石英约占15%。

样品M3-31为长石石英砂岩,采于埋汗哈达地区下二叠统哈尔苏海组M3剖面的第30层,镜下观察,碎屑物直径在0.1~0.2mm之间,磨圆度呈次棱角状。样品中的杂基含量约为10%,呈基底式胶结,以钙质胶结为主,结构成熟度中等(图6d)。样品中石英约占55%,长石约占20%,岩屑约占10%,含少量白云母。

3.2 测试方法

锆石分选在廊坊诚信地质技术服务公司进行。经过粗碎、细碎,过筛、浮选、重液选、磁选、介电分离等过程完成重矿物挑选,之后在双目显微镜下挑选锆石单矿物。挑选出的锆石颗粒经环氧树脂浇铸、打磨、抛光,最后制成厚5~6mm、直径约2.54cm的圆形靶。利用光学显微镜对样品靶进行透射光与反射光图像拍摄,利用扫描电子显微镜对样品靶拍摄阴极发光图像(图7),并依据样品靶的透射光、反射光和阴极发光图像选取晶形较好,无明显裂痕、包裹体的锆石颗粒进行测试。

图6 锆石年代学样品镜下照片

图7 部分碎屑锆石阴极发光(CL)图像

锆石微量元素及U-Pb同位素年代学测试在河北地质大学区域地质与成矿作用重点实验室完成。激光剥蚀系统采用搭载Laurin Technic S155样品池和GeoStarμGISTM软件的澳大利亚RESOlution-LR型高能量ArF2准分子激光剥蚀系统,质谱仪为美国赛默飞iCAP RQ型等离子体质谱仪。激光剥蚀条件为:激光束斑直径29μm,激光能量密度3J/cm2,剥蚀频率8Hz。剥蚀前采集10s的空白,随后进行40s的样品剥蚀,剥蚀完成后进行20s的吹扫。载气使用高纯度氦气,气流量为0.6L/min;辅助气为Ar气,气流量为0.8L/min。使用国际标准锆石91500作为外部标样进行同位素比值校正,国际标准锆石GJ-1和Plešovice作为监控盲样。元素含量以国际标样NIST610为外标,Si为内标元素进行计算,NIST612作为监控盲样。测试数据采用Iolite(试用版)软件进行同位素比值及元素含量的计算(Patonetal., 2010),测试精度以2σ表示。样品的U-Pb年龄谐和图绘制、年龄权重平均计算及年龄概率分布图等均采用Isoplot 3.0 (Ludwig, 2003)完成。

表1 额济纳旗地区锆石年代学LA-ICP-MS测试结果

Table 1 Zircon LA-ICP-MS dating results for in Ejin Banner area

测点号ThU(×10-6)Th/U207Pb/206Pb207Pb/235U206Pb/238U207Pb/206Pb (Ma)207Pb/235U (Ma)206Pb/238U (Ma)比值1σ比值1σ比值1σ年龄1σ年龄1σ年龄1σConcord.B2-7八道桥岩屑石英砂岩-12762091.320.05420.00200.34530.01290.04640.00073898030110292497%-25182152.400.05260.00200.32600.01200.04530.0007309812879286499%-31531191.280.07370.00171.65220.04290.16260.0020103146990169711198%-41271271.000.05520.00230.33140.01330.04370.00064209129110276494%-51231231.000.05680.00280.33320.01510.04300.000648310729212272492%-61671461.150.04990.00250.30410.01580.04420.000819111227012279596%-74139140.450.05740.00100.66040.01310.08360.0010506395158518699%-83562301.550.05850.00330.36500.02370.04510.001154612431618284789%-91643850.430.07520.00141.97480.04270.19040.002310763611071511231398%-102011581.270.05080.00200.32780.01290.04690.00062328928810296497%-111011380.730.06040.00290.69200.03830.08220.00126209753423509795%-121101041.060.10290.00184.47900.09780.31520.003616773317271817661897%-132271961.160.06820.00220.77870.02700.08270.00108766958515512686%-147562952.560.05170.00160.31750.00950.04470.0005333702807282399%-152472550.970.12260.00215.97350.11070.35320.003719943419721619501798%-161091410.770.05400.00190.59240.02240.07930.00093698447214492595%-17751000.750.05110.00230.34820.01720.04920.00062567530313310497%-18206952.160.05750.00390.36870.02760.04640.001350914831920292891%-192391831.300.05450.00220.35330.01520.04670.00063918930711294495%-201911311.450.05380.00280.33350.01730.04520.000736111929213285497%-2166341.950.06000.00600.36810.03360.04570.001160621831825288789%-221071190.900.05240.00250.31720.01440.04420.000730610728011279499%-2382681.190.05380.00360.33900.02210.04600.000836114729617290597%-243433850.890.05630.00150.37480.01060.04830.0008461573238304593%-2596791.220.05610.00300.35620.02060.04580.000845712030915289593%-262193420.640.05640.00150.64670.01760.08310.00104655750611515698%-2767561.190.05400.00370.33680.02370.04570.000936915429518288697%-2819138522.250.05170.00110.30870.00740.04320.0005333502736273399%-29814470.180.05600.00130.66670.01580.08640.00134541851910534897%-301341271.060.05330.00270.32390.01570.04440.000633911528512280498%-311321131.170.05540.00280.34120.01910.04440.000742811529814280493%-323123780.820.05360.00140.36400.00960.04920.0006367573157309498%-331461051.390.05530.00290.32730.01580.04330.000643314928812274495%-344475030.890.05110.00130.32900.00920.04650.0006256592897293498%-351261241.020.04930.00220.29240.01370.04290.000516110626011271396%-364555770.790.05810.00120.50800.01100.06340.0008600514177396594%-37911500.610.05880.00170.64390.02100.07920.00105676050513491697%-382512331.070.05020.00190.32690.01160.04760.0008211822879300595%-3941530.780.05700.00380.61950.04000.07940.001450014249025493899%-401211101.090.05090.00260.31390.01580.04490.000723911727712283497%-411961301.510.05440.00210.33050.01240.04430.0007391852909279496%-421361870.730.05230.00160.32730.01010.04560.0006298682888287499%-431132020.560.05340.00200.33410.01360.04530.00053468729310285397%-4479741.060.04850.00260.29080.01530.04390.000812413125912277593%-4516110380.160.07250.00091.58560.02170.15860.00111000259659949698%-461941071.810.05130.00200.31380.01220.04470.0006254882779282498%-47811430.570.05730.00180.53500.01600.06820.00105027043511425697%-482281811.260.05110.00170.31200.01040.04450.0006243762768281398%-491125860.190.05530.00100.64680.01380.08500.0012433415079526796%

续表1Continued Table 1测点号ThU(×10-6)Th/U207Pb/206Pb207Pb/235U206Pb/238U207Pb/206Pb (Ma)207Pb/235U (Ma)206Pb/238U (Ma)比值1σ比值1σ比值1σ年龄1σ年龄1σ年龄1σConcord.-5077761.010.05870.00220.63850.02500.07920.00115547950116491697%-511731261.380.05270.00250.31090.01450.04300.000631710727511272398%-521281221.050.04960.00270.30280.01640.04440.000617612626913280495%-532444510.540.05160.00110.32690.00900.04580.0007333502877289599%-541091810.600.06870.00141.51280.03330.15970.00169004193613955997%-553091831.690.05090.00210.32070.01340.04580.00052359428210289397%-562412670.910.05010.00160.30860.01100.04450.0005198742739281397%-572221291.720.05100.00210.31220.01300.04460.00062399427610281498%-58811370.590.05190.00190.35300.01270.04950.00072808330710312498%-59781480.530.04910.00180.30150.01200.04460.0006150872689281495%-601832370.770.06990.00141.49180.03210.15490.001892843927139281099%-611151670.690.05310.00230.31930.01320.04390.00063459628110277498%-622921901.540.05300.00180.32750.01130.04500.0005328782889283398%-631814310.420.15720.00199.45890.18490.43550.006524282023841823302997%-641261360.920.05160.00190.30940.01100.04370.0006333822749276499%-651723940.440.05600.00130.33520.00780.04350.0005450502936274393%-661661561.070.05350.00180.32760.01050.04460.0005350812888281397%-671743110.560.04970.00140.30310.00840.04430.0005189602697279396%-683221801.790.05100.00190.31940.01280.04540.00072438928110286498%-691332130.620.05600.00130.52850.01280.06850.0008454194318427599%D1-23干泉组岩屑砂岩-14924990.990.05230.00130.41500.01100.05730.0006302563528359498%-261690.880.05580.00270.44050.02130.05750.000944310737115360597%-31281740.730.05270.00170.39920.01360.05490.00073177634110345598%-41442420.590.05220.00150.43070.01260.06010.0009300603649376696%-5961470.650.05430.00200.51360.02210.06890.001638781421154291098%-63896450.600.06600.00111.21610.02300.13370.00148073580811809899%-71121600.700.05420.00220.42900.01740.05770.00073899536212362499%-8641050.610.05230.00210.52640.02050.07370.00122989042914458793%-9681010.670.05860.00220.68090.02780.08400.00105507752717520698%-101652680.620.05390.00150.44810.01310.06030.0006369633769377499%-113355170.650.05440.00130.43580.01150.05820.0007387543678364599%-121342520.530.05730.00180.46080.01520.05830.00075067038511365494%-131771840.960.05220.00190.38450.01480.05340.00062958333011335498%-142963580.830.05330.00150.39080.01060.05340.0006339953358335499%-154354810.900.05310.00110.39900.00970.05440.0007332463417342599%-164782941.630.05820.00260.42540.01940.05290.00065399636014333492%-171662840.580.05280.00150.40940.01260.05620.0007320673489352498%-182113290.640.05460.00140.43270.01170.05750.0008398573658360598%-19611290.470.05550.00240.44610.01910.05860.00094359237513367697%-201652030.810.05400.00180.39510.01420.05290.00063728133810332498%-211873390.550.05700.00220.42170.01720.05360.00085008335712336593%-222891921.500.05310.00170.38830.01320.05310.000733210633310334499%-23621330.470.06100.00250.65440.02940.07780.00116398751118483794%-241953150.620.05790.00190.49340.01790.06180.00105287240712386694%-253094000.770.05240.00140.40760.01150.05640.0008302593478354598%-261342990.450.05710.00200.50710.01990.06440.00134947841613402896%-271371830.750.05620.00220.45160.01860.05810.00074618737813364496%-283534470.790.05340.00120.41080.01030.05570.0006346523497349399%-29801200.670.05690.00240.48870.02080.06250.00084879740414391596%

续表1Continued Table 1测点号ThU(×10-6)Th/U207Pb/206Pb207Pb/235U206Pb/238U207Pb/206Pb (Ma)207Pb/235U (Ma)206Pb/238U (Ma)比值1σ比值1σ比值1σ年龄1σ年龄1σ年龄1σConcord.-30441040.420.05340.00320.41230.02560.05610.000734613435118352499%-313734260.880.05490.00130.40390.00970.05350.0007409543447336497%-325977450.800.05910.00120.42750.00950.05240.0006572443617329490%-3359620.950.05450.00350.39140.02460.05320.001039114433518334699%-342963990.740.05490.00140.44690.01180.05920.0007409573758371598%-351332570.520.05350.00180.40660.01460.05510.00073507434611346499%-362163520.610.05930.00150.64920.01740.07930.00095895650811492596%-371001350.740.05960.00210.58270.02100.07100.00105877646613442694%-381222150.570.04990.00170.40920.01390.05970.00081917834810374592%-391452020.720.05310.00150.44490.01370.06070.00083326537410380598%-404703271.440.05240.00160.36710.01240.05070.0007302703179319499%-412183260.670.05450.00120.40580.00940.05410.0006394503467339498%-423593950.910.05350.00150.39190.01200.05320.0008350633369334599%-4331700.450.05810.00210.67530.02320.08490.00126008052414525799%-441571760.890.05660.00180.49390.01560.06350.00084767040811397597%-451312240.590.05300.00160.40420.01330.05520.00073326934510346499%-46591260.470.05580.00200.53410.02210.06910.00104437843515431699%-471271380.920.05720.00210.45640.01650.05810.00074988138212364495%-483212541.260.05600.00150.39550.01190.05120.0006450593389322494%-491282620.490.05710.00140.54130.01430.06870.0008494524399428597%-501851431.300.06710.00151.20670.02940.13040.00148404680414790898%-511841940.950.05610.00170.44450.01380.05760.00094576737310361696%-521523310.460.05530.00120.41040.01000.05380.0008433483497338596%-531111440.770.04970.00260.34580.01700.05060.000718312030213318594%-541922870.670.05480.00150.38590.01080.05100.0006406613318321496%-553335210.640.05580.00100.44670.00860.05800.0006456413756364496%-5651890.570.05960.00240.44300.01830.05390.00075918737213338490%-57401160.340.05230.00240.41430.01770.05790.000729810235213363496%-581451760.820.06160.00210.65610.02460.07710.001766172512154791093%-591972100.940.05440.00170.41650.01380.05540.00063876935410348498%-601392150.650.05560.00150.42890.01150.05590.0006435593628351496%-611262790.450.06140.00200.43640.01410.05160.00056546636810324387%-622204760.460.05320.00100.45000.00940.06140.0009345443777384598%-632284100.560.05210.00110.38640.01020.05350.0006300483327336498%-642113790.560.05410.00140.41230.01070.05530.0005372553518347398%-651944720.410.05450.00130.45410.01250.06050.0011391493809378799%M1-12埋汗哈达组长石杂砂岩-160211360.530.05610.00110.34830.00700.04510.0005454443035284393%-25717620.750.05450.00160.35730.01110.04760.0007391653108300496%-33626880.530.05140.00100.32380.00800.04550.0006261462856287399%-45555201.070.05230.00120.33700.00810.04680.0007298452956295499%-55974801.240.05700.00160.36060.01100.04590.0007500633138289492%-615338301.850.05040.00100.33180.00730.04770.0006213442916300496%-793813280.710.05150.00090.33020.00670.04640.0006265342905292499%-82443670.670.05200.00120.34280.00860.04780.0006287542996301499%-959610750.550.05670.00140.37790.00950.04840.0009480523257305593%-10132510691.240.05450.00110.35950.00960.04760.0008394463127300596%-114463841.160.04950.00130.31620.00900.04630.0006169632797292495%-124846190.780.05200.00120.34430.00850.04800.0006287563006302499%-133995640.710.04980.00130.31820.00830.04640.0005183612806292395%

续表1Continued Table 1测点号ThU(×10-6)Th/U207Pb/206Pb207Pb/235U206Pb/238U207Pb/206Pb (Ma)207Pb/235U (Ma)206Pb/238U (Ma)比值1σ比值1σ比值1σ年龄1σ年龄1σ年龄1σConcord.-142925010.580.04980.00130.32660.00900.04760.0006187662877300495%-156065611.080.05160.00120.33200.00830.04670.0005333542916294398%-161982860.690.05180.00150.33560.01060.04690.0006280652948296499%-174565340.850.05610.00180.35120.01270.04540.00054577230610286393%-184344920.880.05200.00140.32740.00870.04580.0005287562887289399%-1961710520.590.04980.00100.32530.00760.04740.0005187462866299395%-209938461.170.06770.00320.42350.02210.04510.00068579435916285477%-211142140.530.05190.00190.33060.01140.04670.0006283852909294498%-225787620.760.05140.00100.32790.00800.04640.0007257462886292498%-236189140.680.05740.00160.35100.01250.04410.0005509563059278390%-248456491.300.05780.00190.35200.01430.04410.00095247230611278690%-257066591.070.05470.00130.34590.00920.04590.0005398523027289395%-262552341.090.05570.00160.34100.01100.04440.0005439652988280393%-273613411.060.05280.00130.34450.01020.04730.0007320623018298499%-281632560.640.05400.00180.33690.01210.04530.0006369712959285496%-293244320.750.05680.00190.34860.01150.04460.0005483723049281392%-307338790.830.05550.00140.36140.01070.04710.0007432563138297494%-313474720.730.05190.00140.32870.01110.04580.0009280612899289599%-323693341.100.04900.00140.29960.00870.04440.0005146652667280394%-3310826991.550.05290.00090.33040.00670.04520.0006324372905285398%-343643690.990.04990.00140.32540.00990.04730.0006191652868298496%-358158061.010.05610.00140.36950.01170.04760.0007454563199300493%-362604660.560.05280.00160.33900.01120.04640.0005320702968292398%-374805270.910.05480.00120.35630.00870.04710.0007406503097297495%-386046770.890.05570.00130.33730.00820.04380.0005439562956277393%-394354231.030.05540.00130.37410.01060.04880.0007428563238307495%-404844441.090.05300.00140.34760.00910.04760.0005328273037300398%-413875780.670.05460.00130.34160.00940.04520.0005394562987285395%-425194511.150.05150.00130.33140.00900.04660.0005265562917293399%-438156211.310.05220.00100.31800.00590.04420.0004295422805279399%-443323171.050.05150.00150.32490.00980.04570.0006265692868288399%-454133531.170.05190.00140.33840.00930.04740.0007280612967298499%-463964900.810.05230.00140.34010.00960.04710.0006298642977297499%-471051610.650.05430.00210.35010.01350.04670.00063839230510294396%-485526970.790.05170.00110.31480.00700.04410.0006333422785278399%-492712950.920.05200.00150.35540.01150.04930.0007283653099310499%-50105811020.960.05280.00100.32340.00650.04430.0005320432845279398%-515914861.220.05180.00100.33190.00700.04650.0006276462915293499%-522883520.820.05190.00140.32810.00920.04580.0005280612887289399%-532532880.880.05460.00150.34440.01000.04560.0005398563008287395%-542772571.080.05540.00200.34640.01290.04520.00054287830210285394%-552354000.590.05340.00120.35960.00930.04880.0007346493127307598%-561913660.520.05750.00150.37230.00980.04710.0006509593217297492%-573644580.790.05340.00160.33400.01060.04530.0005346692938286397%-582154270.500.06650.00200.87440.04510.09230.002782058638245691688%M3-31哈尔苏海组长石石英砂岩-13306450.510.05530.00120.47000.01000.06150.0007433483917385498%-2921410.650.05780.00200.57610.01990.07220.00085247146213450597%-31783460.510.05800.00140.61710.01710.07690.00095285648811478597%-44496500.690.05440.00100.55370.01150.07400.0013387414478460897%

续表1Continued Table 1测点号ThU(×10-6)Th/U207Pb/206Pb207Pb/235U206Pb/238U207Pb/206Pb (Ma)207Pb/235U (Ma)206Pb/238U (Ma)比值1σ比值1σ比值1σ年龄1σ年龄1σ年龄1σConcord.-52372470.960.05680.00140.56750.01450.07250.0010483564569451698%-62143110.690.04860.00150.34720.01180.05180.0009132793039326592%-71342340.570.05900.00210.51380.02170.06260.00095698442115391592%-82502970.840.05230.00300.31120.02050.04310.001430213427516272996%-91081500.720.05370.00200.55160.01990.07510.00113678344613467795%-104284360.980.05710.00150.52750.01710.06670.00104985743011416696%-114264211.010.05170.00180.30840.01080.04320.0005276782738273399%-122343270.710.05380.00140.56300.01590.07630.00143615945310474895%-134164520.920.06120.00190.61000.02220.07180.00086566048414447592%-142843390.840.08930.00133.18310.05700.25830.003314102814531414811798%-151482260.660.05660.00140.54150.01360.06930.0007476474399432498%-161041540.670.05580.00160.57620.01740.07480.00094566046211465599%-174847530.640.05470.00100.54690.01360.07220.0010467364439449698%-182553490.730.06410.00170.55090.01480.06230.000574625644610389386%-1950611230.450.05220.00100.36860.00820.05110.0007295473196321499%-20911810.500.09030.00153.46310.07080.27790.004214313215191615812196%-211757050.250.09900.00202.50860.09200.18130.004716063712752710742682%-22651190.550.05150.00290.35070.01860.04970.000726512830514313497%-231081830.590.08980.00163.26760.06870.26350.003414213514731615081797%-241041770.590.05320.00190.39560.01470.05400.00093458033811339699%-251322030.650.05710.00190.59370.01940.07560.00104986847312470699%-261302170.600.05580.00140.54650.01640.07070.00104565644311440699%-272943330.880.05440.00110.56800.01390.07590.0014387464579471896%-282233090.720.09160.00153.28810.05940.26020.002714583614781414911499%-293313041.090.06190.00250.34330.01510.04010.00067338230011253483%-303144290.730.05370.00170.36800.01220.04970.0008367703189312598%-31771120.690.06680.00181.22350.03380.13280.00158335681115804999%-32846380.130.06930.00131.45310.02740.15240.001790934911119141099%-331552970.520.05860.00150.59560.01620.07390.00105545747410459696%-341401950.720.05020.00240.29780.01290.04340.000621111826510274498%-351071510.710.05090.00240.30290.01350.04330.000623910726911273498%-3686310140.850.05830.00130.56090.01650.06950.00105394445211433695%-371141340.850.08320.00520.48320.03180.04190.0007127312240022264459%-38884880.180.06910.00111.46560.02580.15360.00169026191611921999%-393156530.480.05360.00110.52170.01160.07050.0008354444268439597%-401512470.610.05560.00150.54490.01510.07100.00094395944210442599%-411513250.470.05090.00150.37010.01040.05290.0006235673208332496%-42561120.500.05820.00200.60330.02160.07490.00095397447914466597%-432934360.670.05430.00170.32420.00850.04350.0006383642857275498%-442954880.610.05820.00110.56640.01190.07050.0008539394568439596%-454987480.670.05630.00110.47010.00970.06060.0008465433917380596%-463026280.480.05540.00090.47080.00980.06150.0007428333927385598%-474644601.010.05740.00130.59260.01680.07510.00145065647311467898%-481671641.020.05620.00170.51410.01510.06650.00074616942110415498%-492733400.800.06500.00200.75070.02100.08420.00097766556912521591%-501492780.540.05470.00160.45840.01440.06070.00074676038310380499%-512543660.690.05390.00140.35750.01070.04820.0008365573108304593%-522963980.740.05580.00110.58480.01570.07570.00114561746810471699%-531532830.540.05220.00150.35290.01020.04920.0006295673078310398%-541701501.130.16550.00209.93780.26690.43430.009725122024292523254495%

续表1Continued Table 1测点号ThU(×10-6)Th/U207Pb/206Pb207Pb/235U206Pb/238U207Pb/206Pb (Ma)207Pb/235U (Ma)206Pb/238U (Ma)比值1σ比值1σ比值1σ年龄1σ年龄1σ年龄1σConcord.-551312710.480.05850.00140.58970.01410.07340.0008546534719457596%-561131330.850.09230.00153.18950.06190.25050.002714733014551514411499%-57791510.530.08560.00132.86600.05170.24290.002913313113731414021597%-58671610.420.06020.00170.64380.01890.07770.00096099450512483595%-59735350.140.05520.00110.45260.01090.05950.0008420463798372598%-603215560.580.05580.00100.52400.01150.06810.000944384288425599%-61931730.540.05630.00190.57400.02030.07430.001046110646113462699%-622011181.690.07250.00151.67730.03730.16810.00249993710001410021399%-633033580.850.05700.00110.59830.01400.07600.0009500384769472699%-641752390.730.05420.00150.44370.01280.05940.0007389633739372499%-651522920.520.05510.00130.46810.01110.06170.0007417563908386499%-66831830.450.05540.00140.63610.01730.08330.00114285450011516796%-672222780.800.05670.00140.59050.01580.07560.00104804947110470699%-681672210.760.06080.00170.62720.01910.07450.00096356449412463693%-692753830.720.05910.00110.61450.01260.07530.0008572394868468596%-70911330.680.05310.00260.36540.01860.04980.000734511331614313497%

3.3 测试结果

选取的4个碎屑岩样品锆石阴极发光图像显示晶形较好,多数呈长柱状,少数为短柱状或椭圆状,长宽比变化较小,晶形基本为自形,晶面整洁光滑,多数锆石发育震荡环带(图7),锆石的LA-ICPMS测试结果见表1。

自干泉组下段的粗砂岩样品(D1-23)中选取65颗锆石进行测试,锆石的Th/U范围在0.34~1.63间,均为岩浆成因。碎屑锆石年龄频谱图(图8a)显示,绝大部分年龄数据为古生代,仅有2颗800Ma的元古代锆石;早古生代年龄数据显示出520Ma、484Ma及428Ma三个较弱的峰值年龄;晚古生代年龄数据显示出363Ma和336Ma三个较强的峰值年龄(图8b)。另样品中5颗最年轻锆石给出的谐和年龄为321.5±3.2Ma(图8a)。

图8 碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图及频谱图

自八道桥地区下二叠统的粗砂岩样品(B2-7)选取69颗锆石进行测试,锆石的Th/U范围在0.16~2.56间,均为岩浆成因。碎屑锆石年龄频谱图(图8d)显示,有少部分年龄数据为元古代,峰值年龄分别为900Ma、1700Ma及1900Ma,早古生代年龄数据具有513Ma、490Ma及424Ma三个较弱的峰值年龄;晚古生代年龄数据显示出285Ma的主要峰值年龄及307Ma的次要峰值年龄,样品中最年轻一组锆石的谐和年龄为280.1±1.6Ma(图8c)。

自埋汗哈达组青灰色细砂岩样品(M1-12)选取56颗锆石进行测试,锆石的Th/U范围在0.5~1.85间,均为岩浆成因。碎屑锆石年龄频谱图(图8f)显示,所有年龄数据为晚古生代,具有294Ma的主要峰值年龄及287Ma、280Ma的次要峰值年龄,样品中9颗最年轻锆石给出的谐和年龄为279.1±2.0Ma(图8e)。

自哈尔苏海组厚层细砂岩样品(M3-31)中选取70颗锆石进行测试,锆石的Th/U范围在0.13~1.69间,均为岩浆成因。碎屑锆石年龄频谱图(图8h)显示,有少部分年龄数据为元古代,峰值年龄分别为900Ma、1400Ma及2300Ma,早古生代年龄数据具有517Ma、468Ma及383Ma三个峰值年龄;晚古生代年龄数据显示329Ma、311Ma及273Ma三个峰值年龄,样品中最年轻的5颗给出的谐和年龄为273.5±3.4Ma(图8g)。

图9 研究区碎屑锆石年龄图谱对比

4 讨论

4.1 地层形成时代

干泉组下段粗砂岩样品(D1-23)给出最年轻的锆石谐和年龄为321.5Ma,代表干泉组下段的沉积下限,该区干泉组上段火山岩年龄为305±3.9Ma(陈高潮等,2016),因此干泉组下段碎屑岩的沉积时代应介于322~305Ma。八道桥地区下二叠统中粗砂岩样品(B2-7)锆石最年轻一组锆石的谐和年龄为280.1±1.6Ma(图8c), 代表了粗砂岩的沉积下限,即早二叠世晚期。侵入其的闪长玢岩年代为268Ma(王志伟,未发表数据);故此区域的下二叠统的沉积时代应介于280~268Ma。埋汗哈达地区埋汗哈达组细砂岩样品(M1-12)的最年轻一组锆石的谐和年龄为279.1±2.0Ma,其上阿其德组火山岩时代为270Ma (牛亚卓等,2018a),故埋汗哈达组沉积时代应为279~270Ma。哈尔苏海组样品(M3-31)最年轻锆石谐和年龄为273.5±3.4Ma,其中含晚二叠世苔藓虫化石,并在乌兰敖包剖面获得255.2±2.3Ma的流纹质角砾熔岩年龄(卢进才等,2012),故可将哈尔苏海组时代限定为晚二叠世。

4.2 物源分析

干泉组样品(D1-23)下段的粗砂岩主要给出了321~520Ma的锆石年龄区间,但各有1颗809Ma和790Ma的锆石(图9a)。除最年轻的峰期代表年龄下限外,其余锆石集中在428~520Ma 和336~373Ma两个峰期,分别代表马鬃山-切刀隆起带北西边缘古亚洲洋俯冲及其结束后伸展过程两期岩浆活动的记录。例如王国强等(2014)对的研究揭示红石山蛇绿岩可能为石炭纪与大陆裂谷有关的初始小洋盆,其形成时代为 346.6±2.8Ma,与336~373Ma的峰期符合;而428~520Ma的年龄区间与马鬃山地区众多早古生代岩浆活动的年龄一致(Heetal., 2018),表明后者可能是前者的物源区。对于809Ma和790Ma的2颗锆石,目前在该区没有相应的老地块年龄报道,其地质意义尚待研究。

马鬃山-切刀隆起带3个样品的碎屑锆石可分4期(图9b-d)。第一期约为270~310Ma,包括埋汗哈达组细砂岩样品(M1-12)记录的3个连续峰期年龄即280Ma、287Ma和294Ma、八道桥地区下二叠统中粗砂岩样品(B2-7)的年龄谱285 Ma、以及哈尔苏海组样品(D3-31)的峰值273~311Ma,显然本期的碎屑锆石均来自晚石炭世-中二叠世的多期岩浆活动。第二期约为380~520Ma,见于B2-7和D3-31的碎屑锆石年龄谱中,应是早古生代古亚洲洋俯冲的岩浆活动记录,例如在研究区东北的英巴地区,周印章等(2013)报道了417~433Ma的火山岩及花岗闪长岩。第三期约为900~950Ma,它们可能来源于研究区以北雅干地区的含有元古代花岗质片麻岩的古老基底(916±16Ma;王涛等,2001),以及英巴地区的元古代基底,其中发育长英质片麻岩和切穿片麻理的淡色花岗岩,后者形成年龄为905.2±6.1Ma(周印章等,2014)。第四期仅见于哈尔苏海组的碎屑锆石年龄谱中,时代为14~16亿年,它们也可能来自英巴地区的前寒武纪长英质片麻岩,那里已经发现2535~1093Ma的碎屑锆石(周印章等,2013)。

4.3 构造背景分析

牛亚卓等(2018b)通过5个剖面对银额盆地西南部甘肃北山的晚石炭世-中二叠世进行了系统的年代学及沉积古地理分析,指出存在着干泉、辉铜山两个隆起区和独山、红柳园两个裂谷盆地,它们控制了沉积作用和沉积环境。在干泉隆起区,晚石炭世干泉组发育台地及潮坪碳酸盐沉积,其上为陆相火山岩;在辉铜山隆起区,发育滨海台地及河流相沉积。而在独山和红柳园裂谷盆地,均以巨厚层块状复成分、分选差的砾岩为主体建造,反映扇三角洲前缘特征。

本文研究区处于银额盆地北缘黑鹰山-额济纳旗坳陷带和马鬃山-切刀隆起带。在黑鹰山-额济纳旗坳陷带东南缘的大狐狸山地区,本文研究表明干泉组下段主要为前三角洲相和三角洲前缘相,反映了坳陷区边缘晚石炭世海陆过渡相的快速沉积。其上为广泛分布的干泉组上段双峰式火山岩,代表晚石炭世的伸展过程(297~315Ma: 党犇等,2013;卢进才等,2013;299~309Ma: 牛亚卓等, 2013)。早二叠世双堡塘组发育多个旋回的三角洲沉积,为持续的板内裂谷伸展作用的沉积响应。而在马鬃山-切刀隆起带,本文对八道桥地区剖面的研究揭示中二叠世沉积由巨厚陆相紫红色洪冲积相组成,表明当时处于陆相隆起区背景;而再向东的埋罕哈达组形成时代与八道桥地区基本一致,但出现泻湖相沉积,表明沉积环境向东逐步加深,稍晚的哈尔苏海组已经转变为滨海环境。综上所述,银额盆地北缘晚石炭世-早中二叠世的沉积学特征也揭示了隆起区与坳陷区截然不同的沉积古地理环境,表明这种“盆岭构造”对沉积作用和过程具有控制作用。

值得注意的是,沿天山-兴蒙造山带南缘,学者们已经识别了一系列晚古生代的“盆岭构造”。例如,Wangetal. (2017)通过总结天山-柳园-阿拉善-华北北部二叠纪玄武岩时代和成因,提出二叠纪裂谷叠加在北方造山带之上的构造模式,其形成过程具有从西向东逐渐变年轻的趋势。陈高潮等(2016)详细研究了北山红柳河和柳园地区早二叠世地层层序,恢复了一个在早古生代造山带基底上发育的陆内裂谷。夏林圻(2004, 2006, 2008)和徐学义等(2006, 2012)、Xiaetal. (2008, 2012)系统研究了我国天山地区的石炭纪-二叠纪岩浆岩,指出中国天山-兴蒙造山带叠加了以双峰式火山活动和花岗质岩浆活动为特征的广泛的晚古生代裂谷作用。徐备等(2018)根据对内蒙古中东部东乌旗至林西地区石炭-二叠纪沉积环境的研究,提出该区存在西乌盆地-达青隆起-林西盆地的盆岭构造格局。

上述对比研究表明,晚石炭世-二叠纪在天山-兴蒙造山带基底上广泛发育以隆起和坳陷相间为特征的盆岭构造,导致形成不同的沉积古地理环境并控制沉积相带的展布,识别这种古构造格局对于追溯我国北方晚古生代沉积古地理具有重要意义。

5 结论

(1)大狐狸山地区干泉组下段碎屑岩系发育从前三角洲相到三角洲前缘相的三次旋回,其形成时代为322~305Ma,物源主要来自早石炭世岩浆活动及早古生代造山带,表明额济纳旗地区红石山-额济纳旗坳陷带形成于滨海三角洲沉积环境;

(2)八道桥地区的中二叠统属于洪冲积相,沉积时代为280~268Ma;而再向东埋汗哈达地区的埋汗哈达组属于泻湖相,形成时代为279~270Ma;其上的哈尔苏海组为滨海环境,形成于晚二叠世;上述特征说明马鬃山-切刀隆起带二叠世古地理环境为从陆相到滨海相;

(3)晚石炭世-二叠纪在天山-兴蒙造山带基底上广泛发育以隆起和坳陷相间为特征的盆岭构造,导致形成不同的沉积古地理环境并控制沉积相带的展布,识别这种古构造格局对于追溯我国北方晚古生代沉积古地理具有重要意义。

致谢野外工作得到西安地质调查中心卢进才、牛亚卓、白建科、许伟、宋博等同行以及司机刘红军师傅的热情帮助,在此表示衷心感谢!

猜你喜欢

砾岩紫红色锆石
锆石的成因类型及其地质应用
青海大柴旦镇尕日力根砾岩型金矿成矿特征研究
KS地区砾岩地层岩石力学特性试验研究
俄成功试射“锆石”高超音速巡航导弹
新疆油田砾岩油藏聚合物驱窜流特征及调剖对策
锆石 谁说我是假宝石
传统达斡尔族荷包色彩之紫红色探析
有毒
方形砾岩大小对地层电阻率的影响研究
[“花花”词汇之五颜六色]Purple低调华丽与生俱来