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环介导等温扩增技术在食源性沙门氏菌检测中的应用研究进展

2020-04-10魏桢元

江苏农业科学 2020年3期
关键词:沙门氏菌研究进展

魏桢元

摘要:沙门氏菌是世界上最常见的食源性致病菌之一,全球每年沙门氏菌中毒事件居细菌性中毒事件首位。环介导等温扩增技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)是一种新型的核酸恒温扩增方法。2005年首次报道了采用LAMP技术快速检测沙门氏菌的研究,在随后的十几年中,LAMP技术不断优化完善,并广泛应用于食品沙门氏菌的现场检测。本综述阐述LAMP的技术原理和特点,归纳基于LAMP技术的不同平台在沙门氏菌快速检测中的应用,同时对LAMP技术假阳性率高的问题进行了探讨,并对LAMP技术的发展方向和研究趋势提出了几个设想。

关键词:环介导等温扩增技术;沙门氏菌;食源性致病菌;现场检测;研究进展

中图分类号:TS207.4  文献标志码:A  文章编号:1002-1302(2020)03-0080-06

沙门氏菌是需氧或兼性厌氧的革兰氏阴性菌,属于肠杆菌科。非伤寒沙门氏菌对人体健康的影响很大。据WHO食源性疾病监控计划统计,非伤寒沙门氏菌导致9 380万人感染,其中通过食源性导致8 030万人感染,每年有15.5万人因此而丧生[1]。沙门氏菌感染对全球造成巨大的经济损失和负担。在2010年美国由沙门氏菌感染导致的医疗成本、人员工资损失、过早死亡的成本高达27亿美元,这并不包括相关产品召回、疾病防控以及不可估量的相关生产厂商及农产品的商誉损失[2]。在中国,70%~80%细菌性食源性疾病是由沙门氏菌感染引起的,其中90%的食物是肉、奶、蛋等畜产品[3]。已经鉴定出的肠炎沙门氏菌血清型超过 2 500 种,但大多数人体感染是由有限数量的血清型引起的[4]。肠炎沙门氏菌是最常见沙门氏菌菌株之一,通常与鸡蛋、家禽及其产品的沙门氏菌病的爆发有关[5]。在2016年全球食品致病菌测试量达到2.8亿份,市场价值超过180亿美元。其中,测试量排名第一的致病菌是沙门氏菌,占检测量的43%[6]。

迄今为止,细菌检测或鉴定主要基于培养的方法[7]。沙门氏菌的传统检测方法(ISO 6579:2002《食品和动物饲料微生物学 沙门氏菌检测》,GB 4789.4—2016《食品微生物学检验 沙门氏菌检验》)包括前增菌、选择性增菌、菌落形态观察、生化和血清分型鉴定。传统方法虽然可靠,但是人工操作繁琐,需要几天时间才能确定结果,无法满足食品安全控制的要求[8-10]。建立公共健康和食品行业快速、灵敏、专一的沙门氏菌检测方法是非常必要的[11]。致病菌快速筛选和检测方法已经被开发和验证。由于特异性低,用于检测沙门氏菌的酶联免疫法(ELISA)的应用受到限制[12]。此外,免疫学快速筛选法需要大量目标病原体[13]。

近些年来,利用PCR、real-time PCR和基因芯片在食源性致病菌检测上的应用已非常广泛[14-16]。基于分子学方法设计沙门氏菌的目标基因包括invA、fimC、ttrRSBCA、phoP等。大部分的分子学方法已经能够把检测时间缩短到3 d以内[10],但是PCR方法仍然需要额外的样品前处理去消除扩增抑制。此外,PCR方法对化合物中存在的污染和抑制非常敏感,同时,需要凝胶电泳和扩展测序或建立real-time PCR体系来完成检测[17]。因此,需要建立有效和稳定的食源性致病菌快速筛选方法以控制由沙门氏菌造成的风险。环介导等温扩增技术是一种新型的核酸扩增技术,目前已经成为各种细菌、真菌、寄生虫、病毒快速检测手段中PCR方法的“替代者”[18-19]。在2005年,Hara-Kudo 发表了首篇LAMP技术在沙门氏菌检测中的应用[20]。此后,LAMP沙门氏菌检测技术的研究不断发展,并广泛应用于人类食品和动物饲料领域。该篇综述的目的是阐述LAMP的技术原理和特点,归纳LAMP技术在食品中沙门氏菌检测中的研究进展,并对LAMP技术的发展方向和研究趋势提出了几个设想。

1 LAMP技术概况

环介导等温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)技术是一种由Notomi等在2000年率先建立的新型核酸体外扩增技术[21],与其他快速检测方法相比,LAMP具有特异性强、灵敏度高、操作简单、成本低等优点,并成为在食源性致病菌快速诊断中具有潜在价值的工具[22]。

1.1 技术原理

LAMP 技术的原理是以目标基因的特异区域设计引物(图1),用2条内引物FIP(forward inner primer)和2条外引物BIP(backward inner primer)分别识别目标基因的6个特定区域(3′端的F3c、F2c、Flc,5′端的B1、B2、B3)。然后利用Bst DNA聚合酶在恒温条件下参与反应以完成目的基因的扩增[23]。 LAMP技術的扩增反应体系包括Bst DNA聚合酶、缓冲液dNTPs等;反应过程由反应原料积累、循环扩展、自动延伸和循环3个阶段构成;基本步骤是在该体系下60~65 ℃恒温反应60 min,由于聚合酶在80 ℃以上的温度下会失去活力,因此在此条件下加热2 min终止反应[24]。在优化LAMP技术的过程中,Nagamine 等通过加入2条环引物以加快目标基因的扩增速度,添加环引物的LAMP比传统方法的反应时间大幅缩短,提高了扩增效率[25]。

1.2 技术特点

(1)特异性强。PCR只需要2条引物识别靶基因的2个特异区域,而LAMP扩增技术需要设计4条引物与目标基因的6个特异区域匹配才能进行扩增反应。

(2)灵敏度高。LAMP技术能检测到109的拷贝数,检测灵敏度高于传统PCR技术。李雪等比较了加环引物LAMP法、LMAP法和PCR法测定沙门氏菌的灵敏度,结果显示加环引物的LAMP法的灵敏度为2.28 CFU/mL,高于PCR法3个数量级[26]。

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