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从形合意合的视角看《黄帝内经》吴氏父子译本中存在的问题

2020-01-11王丹

环球中医药 2020年5期
关键词:吴氏黄帝内经译本

王丹

由于《黄帝内经》在中医学中的重要地位,其翻译一直受到中医翻译界的重视。有学者做过统计,从1925年至2016年近百年时间内,可考的《黄帝内经》译本多达15个[1]。其中,吴连胜、吴奇父子的译本是中国大陆出版的第一个《黄帝内经》全译本[2]。该译本荣获第三届世界传统医学大会最高荣誉金奖,因而该译本影响力较大,经常在有关《黄帝内经》的翻译研究中被提及。吴氏父子是在美行医的中医师,对中医理论的理解深刻而透彻,其译文并非仅限于对原文的翻译,不少地方增加了超出原文的解释性文字。译文整体行文流畅、通俗易懂。然而,由于吴氏父子母语为汉语,且一直从事医学专业,并非英语方面的专家,因而译文在行文方面由于受汉语的影响而存在一些瑕疵。本文对吴氏父子《黄帝内经》译本的前3章译文进行了分析,从形合意合的角度对译文存在的问题进行了剖析,并提出了相应的修改建议。

1 形合与意合

1.1 形合意合的概念

通常说英语重形合,汉语重意合。英汉两种语言的这种差异需从句子的概念说起。《朗文当代英语辞典》对英语句子的定义是:A group of words that usually contains a subject and a verb, expresses a complete idea or asks a question,and that,when written in English, begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop[3].从这个定义可看出,英语句子的概念是很明确的,一个英语句子通常含有一个主语和一个谓语,表达一个完整的意思或提问,首字母大写,句末用句号。而汉语句子的概念则比较模糊。徐通锵[4]在比较汉语和印欧语的句法结构时指出,印欧语是在一致关系所维持的主谓结构的封闭框架内遣词造句,而汉语没有由一致关系所维持的主谓结构,因而汉语句子的概念比较含混,一段话如何断句往往因人而异。造句时,汉语可以以字为基础,层层扩展,直至句首所提出的话题说清楚了才算造出一个句子,呈现出开放性的特点。

由此可见,英语的句法特征是形合,强调形式和语法结构,句子成分之间需用形式标记表明[5]。如通过名词的性、数、格,谓语动词的时态、语态,主句与从句之间的关系词等将句中的各成分连接在一起。而汉语的句法特征是意合,强调语义和逻辑关联,借语序和虚字来调节句子结构,词语之间和句子之间的形式衔接很弱[4,6]。

1.2 中医翻译中的形合与意合

著名翻译家Nida[5]曾指出:“英语与汉语在语言学上的一个最重要的区别就是形合与意合。”一般来说,英译汉时需注意从形合到意合的转换,而汉译英时则需注意从意合到形合的转换[7]。就中医翻译而言,由于中医语言具有文学化的表达特点[8],言简意赅,特别是中医经典文献,通常四字成句、句式工整、高度概括,很少或者没有类似英语中的表示逻辑关系的连接词,是一种“具有较高的信息密度和运载力”[9]的语言,因而在翻译成英语时需特别注意汉语意合特点与英语形合特点的转换。在具体的翻译方法上,曾凡等[10]提出需根据情况采取增补主语、增补表示逻辑关系的连接词以及必要的词性转换等方法,以此将重意合的中医语言翻译成符合目的语读者习惯的语言。如“活血通络”一词应译为“promoting blood circulation to remove meridian obstruction”,表面上看,“活血”与“通络”并列在一起,之间没有任何连接词,但实际上两者之间存在着目的关系,即“活血”的目的是为了“通络”,因而在翻译时用“to do”结构将这一暗含的逻辑关系显性化,即将意合转化为形合。

2 《黄帝内经》吴氏父子译本的特点

吴连胜、吴奇父子是美籍华裔中医师,在美从事中医临床工作多年,为推广中医而将《黄帝内经》全文翻译。该译本于1997年由中国科学技术出版社出版,自出版以来,受到广大读者和中医翻译界的重视和认可。从出版形式上看,此前出版的《黄帝内经》译本只以单纯的英文形式出版,该译本以汉英对照的形式出版,方便中医学习者及中医翻译研究者的学习和研究。兰凤利[11]认为该译本迎合了大陆以“汉英对照”出版中医药著作的市场需求,符合时代发展。就翻译内容和出版地点而言,此前出版的译本多为节译、编译,出版地点多在海外,吴氏父子译本是首部在中国内地出版的完整的全译本[2],“填补了国内《内经》英译领域的空白”。从译文风格上看,该译本以直译为主,译文流畅清晰,通俗易懂。译者不仅仅翻译原文,还将自己对原文的理解融入译文之中。这种解释性翻译“不仅有助于阐明原文的意思,而且有助于创造出一个对学生及所有对中医的基本原则好奇的人高度可读性的叙述本”[11]。

然而,该译本也难免有瑕疵。如有学者指出其中不少选词较为生涩,且有语法上的误用[12]。另外,该译本在英语语言特点的把握上有所欠缺,集中体现在受汉语意合思维的影响,对英语重形合的特点有所忽略,因而译文在语法层面上出现了一些失误。本着精益求精的态度,本文拟从形合意合的视角对该译本的部分译文进行评析。

3 《黄帝内经》吴氏父子译本中存在的问题

通过对吴氏父子译本的前3章进行研读,发现其中的问题主要体现在并列结构、谓语动词、标点符号3个方面。下面通过部分实例,从形合意合的角度来分析错误的原因,并提出相应的修改建议。在所举例子中,部分例句为方便分析表述,在分句或词组前加了带圈序号。

3.1 并列结构问题

并列结构通常包括并列词组和并列句子。汉语中,并列结构通常直接用顿号或逗号隔开即可,如“中华文化历史悠久、源远流长、博大精深”,但英语的并列结构不能只用逗号隔开,通常并列的单词或词组在最后一个并列项之前需有连接词,并列句要用分号或并列连接词连接。如 “It’s big and ugly”(它又大又难看)。“He closed the window, turned off the light and left the room” (他关上窗,熄了灯,离开了房间)。 “I am only 30, but I feel a hundred” (我只有30岁,但我感觉我有100岁了)。在这三个并列句中,前两句的连接词是 and,第三句的连接词是but。在吴氏父子的译本中,并列结构存在的主要问题是句子间没有任何语法关联而直接并列,以及词组间无任何语法关联而直接并列。

3.1.1 词组间无语法关联直接并列 例1:食饮有节,起居有常。译文:Their behaviors in daily life were all kept in regular patterns such as (1)their food and drink were of fixed quantity, (2)their daily activities were all in regular times. 分析:(1)和(2)是两个完整句子,两个完整句子间没有任何语法关联而直接并列是不符合英语形合的特点的。另外,such as后应接名词性结构,此译文接的是句子。修改:Their behaviors in daily life were all kept in regular patterns. For example, their food and drink were of fixed quantity, and their daily activities were all in regular times.

例2:恬淡虚无,真气从之。译文:When one is completely (1)free from wishes, ambitions and distracting thoughts, (2)indifferent to fame and gain, (3)the true energy will come in the wake of it. 分析:此句在when引导的从句中词组(1)和(2)是并列结构,(3)为主句。故应在indifferent 前加and连接这两个并列结构。修改:When one is completely free from wishes, ambitions and distracting thoughts, and indifferent to fame and gain, the true energy will come in the wake of it.

3.1.2 句子间无语法关联直接并列 例3:今五藏皆衰,筋骨解堕,天癸尽矣。故发鬓白,身体重,行步不正,而无子耳。译文:(1)As one’s five viscera are then all declining, (2)the tendons and bones are all becoming weak, (3)and the Tiangui is also exhausted, (4)his hair turns white, (5)his body becomes clumsy, (6)unable to walk straight, (7)and all his other physiological functions are declining. (8)So, it is impossible for him to have child anymore. 分析:此译文就是明显受了汉语意合特点的影响,译文按照原文顺序罗列,只是用逗号分隔,没有注意各成分间的语法关联,不符合英语形合的特点。句(1)用连词“as”引导,表原因,主句为(2)和(3)两个并列句,故(3)后应用句号。句(4)开始应为另一个句子,且(4)(5)(6)(7)为并列结构,故结构应一致,要么都是句子,要么都是词组,但(4)(5)(7)是句子,而(6)却是词组,无主语和谓语,结构不完整。句(8)so后加逗号的用法太过口语化。修改:Now the five viscera are all declining, the tendons and bones are becoming weak, and the Tiangui is exhausted. As a result, his hair turns white, his body becomes clumsy, his walking is unsteady, and he is unable to have child anymore.

3.2 谓语动词问题

如前文所述,英语句子的特点是在一致关系所维持的主谓结构的封闭框架内遣词造句。因此,主谓结构是英语句子的核心结构,谓语动词在句子中极为重要,而谓语动词又受到主语人称、数等因素的限定。而汉语不受这种一致关系所维持的主谓结构的限制,遣词造句呈开放性特点。故而汉译英时,容易在谓语动词的使用上出现错误。吴氏父子的译本在谓语动词的使用上存在主谓不一致、谓语动词选择错误、句子无谓语等问题。

3.2.1 主谓不一致 例4:故美其食,任其服,乐其俗。译文:They are not too particular about the quality and style of the costume, but feels at ease with local customs. 分析:此句存在主谓不一致的问题,动词feels的主语是they,故应用feel而不是feels. 修改:They are not too particular about the quality and style of the costume, but feel at ease with local customs.

例5:故阳气者,一日而主外,平旦人气生,日中而阳气隆,日西而阳气已虚,气门乃闭。译文:TheYangenergy determines the exterior in day time. TheYangenergy of man(1)begins to emerge in early morning, (2)being prosperous at noon and(3)become weak in the dusk, henceforth, the entrance of energy (the opening of sweat gland) closes in the wake of it. 分析:此译文也存在主谓不一致的问题,(1)(2)(3)为并列动词词组,其主语均为 theYangenergy of man, 所以谓语动词均应为第三人称单数形式,但原译文却用了三种不同形式。修改:TheYangenergy of man begins to emerge in early morning, is prosperous at noon and becomes weak in the dusk.

3.2.2 谓语动词选择错误 例6:七七,任脉虚,太冲脉衰少,天癸竭,地道不通,故形坏而无子也。译文:After the age of forty nine (7*7), (1)herRenandChongchannels are both declining, (2)her menstruation serves as herTianguibeing exhausted. Her physique turns old and feeble, and by then, she can no more conceive.分析:在本译文中,(1)和(2)是两个并列分句,故(2)前应用连词and连接。分句(2)用来翻译原句的“天癸竭”,所以该句的谓语动词应为exhaust,而非serve,应将serve改为serving, 作为menstruation的修饰语。修改:After the age of forty nine (7*7), herRenandChongchannels are both declining, and her menstruation serving as herTianguiis exhausted. Her physique turns old and feeble, and by then, she can no more conceive.

3.2.3 句子无谓语 例7:此虽有子,男不过尽八八,女不过尽七七,而天地之精气皆竭矣。译文:(1)When the essence and vital energy of a man or woman being exhausted, (2)it is impossible for them to have any child. 分析:从句(1)中“being exhausted”不能作为谓语,应将“being exhausted”改为“are exhausted”。修改:When the essence and vital energy of a man or woman are exhausted, it is impossible for them to have any child.

例8:中古之时,有至人者。译文:In the middle ancient times, some people who were good at preserving health reaching the level of being a “supreme man”. 分析:此段译文无谓语。此句主语为some people, “who were good at preserving health”为定语从句,修饰主语。reaching为本句的动词,但单独的reaching不能作谓语,应改为reached。修改:In the middle ancient times, some people who were good at preserving health reached the level of being a “supreme man”.

类似的错误还有不少,如 As I am told that in ancient times, some people who were very good at preserving their health, reaching the level of being a ‘perfect man’此句与例8一样,用reaching作谓语,应改为reached,再如some people who were good at preserving health to the level of being a ‘Sage’,本句连动词都没有了,直接是名词加介词短语,而这种结构在英语中是不能作为句子的。

3.3 标点符号问题

由于汉语中句的概念比较模糊,一段话在何处断句往往因人而异,一般认为将句首提出的话题说清楚了才用句号,因而出现一整段都是逗号分隔、最后才用句号的情形并不罕见。但在英语中句的概念是很明确的,通常有一个主语和一个谓语的结构便可构成一个句子,要求首字母大写,句末用句号。吴氏父子的译本中就存在将汉语含混的句子概念带入到译文中的做法。

例9:逆其根,则伐其本,坏其真矣。译文:(1)Human beings, like all things on earth, also submit to the law ofYinandYangenergies variation, (2)when one runs counter to the law which is the root, his origin of life will be cut and his primordial energy will be spoiled. 分析:此段译文中,(1)和(2)分别都是完整的句子,且两句也并无并列关系,故“variation”后应用句号,而非逗号。修改:Human beings, like all things on earth, also submit to the law ofYinandYangenergies variation. When one runs counter to the law which is the root, his origin of life will be cut and his primordial energy will be spoiled.

存在标点符号问题的译文还有不少,如“The intercrossing between the energies of heaven and earth depends on the motions and illuminations of the sun and moon, if the sun and moon cease to illuminate, the heaven energy will be obstructed and fails to descend”,此句中 if前应用句号。前文例3中也存在标点符号的误用问题,在此不赘述。

4 结语

形合与意合是英汉两种语言在句法层面最显著的差异之一。英语重形合,句的概念明确,句子成分之间需借助各种形式标记来形成显性衔接。汉语重意合,句的概念含混,强调语义和逻辑关联,句子成分之间形式上的衔接较少。吴氏父子的《黄帝内经》译本注入了译者对中医医理的理解,重视展现中医的临床价值,语言流畅易懂,其学术价值是毋庸置疑的。但是白璧微瑕,译文中存在不少因忽略英汉两种语言的形合意合的差异而造成的失误。在中医翻译,特别是中医经典文献的翻译中,不仅要熟知中医医理,准确地将原文的医学信息在译文中再现,还需在语言表达上精益求精,使译文符合译入语的语言特点,这样才便于译语读者更好地理解译文,让更多的人认识和了解中医。

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