Democratic Reform in Tibet—— Sixty Years On(Ⅱ)

II.Irresistible Historical Trend

Serfdom is the most brutal form of slavery in feudal society.It is a barbaric and backward social system in terms of economic development, political democracy or human rights protection.By the 1950s,the very existence of feudal serfdom had violated the development trend of human history.Such a system was a stain on civilization and was destined to be eradicated by history.

Throughout human history, slavery and serfdom have existed in most parts of the world.The two systems were renounced as backward and outdated as new ideas and enlightenment emerged in modern times,and abolitionism or abolitionist movements began to appear in many countries, ringing the death knell of slavery and serfdom.With the rise of the bourgeois revolution in Europe and the United States, the two were successively abolished in France, Britain, Russia,and the United States.In 1794, during the French Revolution, France put an end to slavery.Britain enacted the Slave Trade Act in 1807 and the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833.In 1861, Russia abolished serfdom with a top-down peaceful reform.In 1865, by virtue of victory in the Civil War, the US federal government abolished slavery and forced labor by means of a constitutional amendment.

The end of the Second World War ushered in a new era of development, when peace, development, equity,justice, democracy and freedom became the goals of human society.In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations clearly stated: “No one shall be held in slavery or servitude;slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.” In 1956, the United Nations adopted the Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery,the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery.Article 1 of the Convention states that “Each of the States Parties to this Convention shall take all practicable and necessary legislative and other measures to bring about progressively and as soon as possible the complete abolition or abandonment of the following institutions and practices...”

On October 1, 1949 the People’s Republic of China (PRC) was founded, opening a new era in Chinese history.Under the leadership of the CPC,a new socialist system was established, making the people the masters of the country.On May 23, 1951,the Agreement of the Central People’s Government and the Local Government of Tibet on Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet (hereinafter the “17-Article Agreement”) was signed, officially proclaiming the peaceful liberation of Tibet.

In view of unbalanced social development and special circumstances in some places, Liu Shaoqi, then chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress (NPC), said at the First Session of the First NPC in 1954: “Ethnic minority areas that have not completed democratic reform can complete it in some gentle manner in the future and then gradually move forward to socialism.”

In 1953, Xinjiang completely abolished all remaining feudal serfdom.Beginning in 1956,democratic reform was also carried out in Tibetan areas of Gansu, Sichuan, and Qinghai provinces.In Yunnan Province, parental slavery among the Lisu, Jingpo, and Va ethnic groups and the slavery of the Mosuo people in Yongning were abolished in 1956 through peaceful negotiation; slavery among the Xiaoliangshan Yi people in Ninglang and feudal slavery in Deqen Tibetan area were abolished in 1958.From early 1956 to late 1957,democratic reform was carried out in the Liangshan Yi ethnic area in Sichuan Province which completely abolished slavery.The abolition of serfdom was a major trend of social progress in China in the 1950s.However,Tibet at that time was still ruled by feudal serfdom under theocracy, which seriously obstructed social development and the process of civilization.

– Agricultural production was stagnated by theocratic feudal serfdom in Tibet for a long time.

Before the 1950s, agriculture in Tibet remained bound to extensive farming methods or even primitive slash-and-burn farming.Wooden tools were widely used, and the average yield was only four or five times that of seeds sown – not much different from hundreds of years ago.Most of the food, clothing, and supplies were made by hand by individuals or manors.There was no vitality in society.

– Feudal serfdom under theocracy caused sharp conflicts and opposition between serf owners and their labor.

By exploiting serfs, serf owners hoarded social wealth and spent it on extravagant and dissipated lives,in addition to supplying ecclesiastical and secular officials and their servants.Serfs, who were brutally deprived of the fruits of their hard work by serf owners,lived a miserable life.As they could barely survive, they had no choice but to rebel or flee.

– Feudal serfdom under theocracy seriously impeded the spread and development of modern science,technology and culture.

To consolidate its rule, the government of Tibet controlled by three major estate-holders practiced theocracy, promoted superstition, and opposed science by every possible means, which seriously hindered the spread and application of modern science and technology.Although the ruling clique sent youth from aristocratic families to study modern science and technology abroad, the purpose was mainly for the rulers’ own satisfaction, rather than to learn and apply advanced science and technology.

Thanks to the efforts of the central government,the peaceful liberation in 1951 ended Tibet’s longlasting chaos, conflict, occlusion and stagnation.It experienced new economic and social development.Based on the 17-Article Agreement, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) entered Tibet in October 1951,and the Tibet Military Region was established in 1952 to take up the task of defending this frontier region.The central authorities established the CPC Tibet Working Committee and its branches in Lhasa and other places to perform its functions.

Before democratic reform in 1959, Tibet had political powers with different nature: the Kashag regime and Panchen Kampus Assembly; and the Qamdo People’s Liberation Committee and the Tibet Autonomous Region Preparatory Committee.As the 17-Article Agreement stipulated, “The central government will not alter the current political system of Tibet.… In matters related to reform in Tibet, there will be no compulsion on the part of the central government.The local government of Tibet shall take initiative to carry out reform, and when the people raise demands for reform, the central government shall consult with the leading personnel to settle the issue.”

The Central People’s Government adopted a circumspect attitude and a rather lenient policy, actively persuading and winning over patriotic people from the upper class while patiently waiting for Tibet’s ruling class to carry out reform.

In the meantime, in response to the long-term influence of theocracy in Tibet, CPC-led organizations and staff at different levels carried out meticulous work among the people and conscientiously implemented the policy that no reform should be carried out in Tibet within six years, thus winning the support of the ordinary people and of patriots from the upper class.

Even as they were aware that feudal serfdom under theocracy was coming to an end, the 14th Dalai Lama and the reactionaries in Tibet’s upper class had no wish to conduct reform.Instead, they tried to maintain the system for fear that reform would deprive them of their political and religious privileges, together with their huge economic benefits.

It was through feudal serfdom under theocracy that the three major estate-holders gathered enormous wealth.Before democratic reform, the family of the 14th Dalai Lama possessed 27 manors, 30 pastures and over 6,000 serfs, and annually wrung out of them more than 462,000 kg of highland barley, 35,000 kg of butter, 2 million liang of Tibetan silver, 300 head of cattle and sheep, and 175 rolls of pulu (woolen fabric made in Tibet).(To be continued))