天一阁修古籍的人
2019-12-13应磊
应磊
总有人迎难而上,持之以恒,“择一事,终一生”。在宁波的天一阁就有这样一群修书人,在日复一日中默默坚守,让古老的技艺得以传承和发扬,演绎着令人赞叹的工匠精神。
宁波长春路两侧的老樟树,常年苍翠欲滴,沿着这条路可以走到天一阁。400多年前的明朝中期,兵部右侍郎范钦退隐在此,营造了一个文化奇迹——汇天下书于一阁,历经4个多世纪而不散。
历代藏书家很多,其藏书能保存百年以上的不多见,而天一阁藏书却保存至今。在天一阁藏书楼前,作家余秋雨曾这样追问:“我不知道保住这座楼的使命对范氏家族来说算是一种荣幸,还是一场延绵数百年的苦役。”
时光流转,如今有一些人正在回答这个问题。天一阁西北角一座3层小楼已然成为一家“古籍医院”,发黄变脆断裂的古旧字画、虫蛀霉蚀破损的古籍善本、古墓出土的黏结絮化的经书卷文等纸质文物,在这里重获新生。
小楼是天一阁古籍修复部,这里有13位“古籍医生”施展修复技艺,守护着书籍记录的历史与文明。前不久,我们走进这座小楼,体验“古籍医生”的工作。
从纸到糨糊,十八般武器齐上阵
来到天一阁的那天,正下着雨,水珠落在屋顶,顺着瓦片的走向流向地面,天一阁在雨声的衬托下愈发宁谧。绕过园林,打开一道装有密码锁的小门,走过小巷拐进小院,出现在眼前的就是天一阁古籍修复部。
循楼梯而上,打开一道木门,巨大的立柜闯入视线。柜子被分隔成几百个小格子,每一个小格子里都放着一种纸,初看只有颜色和厚度上的差异,玻璃门上贴着相应的编号。天一阁古籍修复部主任王金玉解释说:“每一个格子就是一个品种的手工纸,这里大概有近300种纸,我们要最大可能地为每本需要修复的古籍找到相对应的纸。”
看着这么多的手工纸,我不禁感慨,纸是修复师最重要的材料,用最接近古籍的手工纸修复古籍,这也应该是精益求精的工匠精神吧。
跟随王金玉的步伐走进修复工作室,看见不少修复师伏在两米多长的案子上,一手握毛笔,小心翼翼蘸着糨糊,将薄如蝉翼的修复用纸填补到古籍书页的孔洞里。工作室里除了修复师敲打平整装订古籍的声音,还有偶尔从院子传来的鸟鸣声,显得十分安静。
科班出身的资深修复师于美娜正在修复一套《湖峰王氏家谱》,共18册。她用喷壶将纸面打湿,然后覆上一層薄如蝉翼几乎透明的纸。“这是一张绵纸,因为纸絮化实在太严重,只能给它加一层筋骨。”
在于美娜修补间隙,我问她能否让我感受一下古籍修复师的工作。“那我先带你去调糨糊,除了纸之外,糨糊是最重要的材料。”于美娜说。
对于古籍修复师来说,调制合适的糨糊是修复古籍的重要前提,修补不同的古籍,需要不同浓度的糨糊,这一切都没有任何现成的教科书,全凭经验和感觉。
在熬煮糨糊的一角,锅罐、汤匙、淀粉、电磁炉等摆放在橱柜上,乍一看仿若厨房。在于美娜指导下,我取一勺淀粉入碗,加适量纯净水搅拌,稀稠均匀时放在电磁炉上定温加热,面香飘起,乳白色的生糨糊逐渐凝固,变成晶莹透亮时,糨糊这个黏合剂算是熬制完成了。
于美娜介绍说,熬制完成的糨糊藏于冰箱,平时使用时,根据修补书页的厚薄软硬,加水稀释。
我把盛放糨糊的小碗端到案前,于美娜让我坐上了她的工作台。修复古籍如同“医治”古书,在“问诊”前,于美娜帮我挑选了所需的各种工具:夹持纸边的短柄镊子、裁割纸张的马蹄刀、下捻订线的针锥、裱糊书页的小排笔、挑书页的竹起子、打磨书皮的砑石、润湿纸张的喷水壶、盛放浆糊的小碗……
眼看着摆满工作台一角的各类工具,复杂又讲究,我不由感到些许紧张。“很多工具都是我自己做的,每个人都有不同的工具,一般修复师的工具从不外借,也用不惯别人的工具,我觉得这些工具已经成为我的重要一部分了。”于美娜说。
一切准备得当,我的体验工作开始了。
修书如诊病,“望闻问切”都用到
翻开古籍,我模仿于美娜的动作拿起毛笔轻轻刷去书页上的灰尘,将褶皱抹平。遇到书页边缘黏连在一起、难以抚平的部分,我就无从下手了。这时于美娜拿起短柄镊子,屏住呼吸,小心翼翼地将碎纸剥离。
正式修补前,需要先将书页打湿,我拿起喷水壶,在书页上方轻喷,水雾均匀落在纸面,微微湿润的纸得以最大程度地扩张。
右手握住修复毛笔,左手粘贴修复纸,我试图填补几个虫蛀的空洞。由于过于紧张,我的每一个步骤都在颤抖中进行。“保持平静,手要稳,修补的原则是从中间到四周补,糨糊涂在补纸边缘一毫米左右的地方。”站在一边的于美娜不停地嘱咐我。
将一块补纸裁成略比蛀洞大一点的形状,我拿起补纸,仰头对着光细细辨别纸上的帘纹,确保帘纹方向一致。随后,我拿起毛笔,蘸取糨糊,涂抹在书页正中破损部位的边缘。放下毛笔,我小心翼翼将补纸贴在抹过糨糊的地方,一只手按照破损形状轻轻撕下多余的补纸,虫洞就此被盖上。
看上去并不难的修补工序,每一步都潜藏技巧,考验耐心和细心。好不容易补平了几个孔洞,我悬着的手臂已经感到酸疼。看着自己修补过的古籍,虽然只是小小的几个步骤,但我还是收获了满满的成就感。正当我自我感觉良好的时候,于美娜把我修补过的补纸一一掀掉。“不要在意啊,其实补得挺好的,但还是稍有瑕疵,我要再重做一遍。”于美娜一边投来安慰的笑容,一边跟我讲起修补古籍的全过程。
经过几十年的发展、规范,古籍修复已成为一项科学、严密的工艺。一本书从书库提取后,修复师先要拍照存档,记录下种种“病害”,然后经过拆页、编码、选配补纸、制糊、修补、喷水压平、折页、修剪、蹾齐、锤平、打眼、穿捻、捆结、装订等十几道工序。修复一页纸有时要花几个小时,而修复好一册古籍,一般耗时一两个月,长的甚至要一年乃至更长时间。
为了让我更加直观地了解古籍的修复准备工作,于美娜拿出一册需要修补的《湖峰王氏家谱》展示在我面前。古书多磨难,虫蛀鼠咬、火烧水湿、断线破皮……眼前的一册古籍轻轻翻页,书脊边缘就抖落出许多碎片,书面布满空洞。经过一番“辨症”后,于美娜确定了修复方案。
“选择修复纸张要根据材质,选择尽量贴近的,颜色宁浅勿深。”于美娜说,补纸的颜色和材质尽量和古籍一致,并稍浅于原书页颜色,修补后一定要留下痕迹,能让人一眼辨出修书的痕迹。修补过程与医生诊疗十分相像,在某种程度上,古籍修复就是书籍的医疗技艺,使古籍衰老速度放缓。古籍修复技艺的主要价值,体现在历史文化价值、工艺价值和经济价值等几个方面。它是一门技艺,又是一门科学,属于典型的非物质文化遗产。
附着在古籍上的历史和文化属性,对修复师提出了严苛的要求。王金玉说,娴熟的技艺是基础,但这远远不够,古籍修复者要熟悉历史上不同时期书籍的形式和版本,也要通晓不同时期的纸张、书皮及装订风格。
王金玉从事纸质文物修复工作已超过40年。她给我说起关于一套古籍的修复过程成为国际规范的故事。这套古籍叫《台东涧溪鲍氏宗谱》,是乾隆五十二年追远堂修订的,木活字本,共两册,书高49.6厘米、宽37.1厘米。“当时古籍纸质脆化,破损残缺严重,缺页严重,书背装订处有小块残存,后面也残得厉害。虫蛀、霉蚀、絮化、水渍、褶皱等多种‘病害都有。”王金玉说,为了修复这套古籍,他们几乎用上了所有的古籍修复手段。回忆起修复过程,王金玉感慨万分:“两册书花了小半年的时间,可以说是一次教科书般的修复,同时运用了不同修复技法,又要彼此协调以确保修复后书页的平整,其修复过程极具代表性。”
如今在我们眼前的这本《台东涧溪鲍氏宗谱》,书页平整、书口整齐、字迹清晰,恢复了原有的文献价值和艺术价值。王金玉不无骄傲地说,这套古籍的修复过程被写进了《古籍与文书修复导则》,“导则”由联合国教科文组织委托天一阁博物馆主持编写,为今后东亚地区开展古籍与文书修复、培训相关技术人员提供了科学规范、可操作的参考依据和国际规范。
与时间赛跑,接力延续古籍生命
修复古籍便是守护文明,需要在孤独中保持着一分赤诚。我走进工作室后,谢龙龙就一直顾自己埋头工作着。31岁的他是江苏南通人,2011年从南京金陵科技学院古籍修复专业毕业后,来到天一阁博物馆开始修复古籍。
守在一间小小的工作室,每天8时30分上班,下午5时30分下班,重复着修书一件事情。我问谢龙龙:“在这里修书8年,有过寂寞和厌倦吗?”谢龙龙没有正面回答。他说,当年大学里80余位同专业同学,至今还在从事古籍修复工作的已经不超过5人。
如今,在谢龙龙手中恢复光彩的古籍已经有几十套。“当然也有过迷茫浮躁,但看到修复好的一本本古籍在学术研究中发挥作用,就让我感到收获巨大,也找到了这份工作的价值。”谢龙龙的语气中有着一分别样的笃定。
正是有一批像謝龙龙这样的修复师坚持给古籍延续生命,天一阁才能从一个建筑延伸成为一个传承历史文明的文化标本。
根据国家社科基金重大项目“天一阁所藏文献分类整理与研究”的系统清理,作为中国现存最早的私家藏书楼和亚洲现有最古老的图书馆,天一阁目前藏有古籍共计2.2万种、15.8万册,其中善本古籍5313种、34626册。而在这中间,约有40%的古籍因虫蛀、鼠噬、絮化、酸化、老化、断线、缺损等需要修复。如今,一些人类文明的瑰宝正随着时间的流逝而烟消云散,修复工作,就是在和时间赛跑。
天一阁修复了包括《天圣令》《明代进士登科录》《明代会试录》等诸多堪称国宝的古籍。2012年至今,王金玉带领天一阁古籍修复团队共完成书页修复5万页、古籍基础维护3054册、书画装裱374幅、碑帖传拓与修复11889张。
“如果要把天一阁所有‘病害书籍全部修缮一遍,要多长时间?”我问王金玉。“需要几代人的努力吧!”她回答说。几代人,意味着要有年轻古籍修复师不断加入到这个团队。
从古籍修复工作室出来,我看见一位年轻女孩正在全神贯注地工作。王金玉告诉我,这是团队里最年轻的古籍修复师,名字叫张婧,1997年出生。去年毕业的她正在修复《月山王氏宗谱》,这是一部絮化较严重的5册古籍。年轻匠人眼疾手快,毕业至今已经修复3套普通版本古籍。
工作间隙,看见王金玉站在身边,她有些紧张,动作放慢了。“师傅经验丰富,经常手把手教我,但她对细节要求很高,我有一些怕。”她和其他90后一样,管王金玉叫“师傅”,也得到了王金玉更多的关注。
为什么选择这份“沉闷”的工作?张婧告诉我:“以前看过一部古籍修复的纪录片,就迷上了这件事情,读大学的时候坚决选了这个专业。”
在这个13个人的古籍修复团队里,已经出现了几位像张婧一样的90后面孔。看到这些青春面孔加入到古籍修复师队伍,我不禁有些感动。正是有了这些新人的不断加入,古籍方能延长寿命,文明也因此而得到更好的传承。
青春作伴,古籍不老
天一阁,其名取自《易经注》的“天一生水”,寄托着以水制火、守护书籍的美好意愿。然而,书籍最大的敌人却是时间,昔日大思想家黄宗羲登上天一阁,发出“读书难,藏书尤难,藏之久而不散,则难之难矣”的感叹。
如今我们走进天一阁,香草气息扑面而来。香草防蛀,以古老的方式维系着古籍的生命。实验室里,先进仪器精确检测古籍的年代、材质、色度,日新月异的科技给年轻工匠修补古籍带来了更多更好的手段。新老手段综合运用,古籍延续生命的故事,以更加丰富的形象展现在我们面前。
越来越多科班出身的年轻人走进古籍修复间,在传承传统修复技艺的同时,又让现代科学赋能古籍修复。我们看到,每一种材料、每一个步骤都被记录,这些档案又为未来的修复工作提供了大数据的支撑,这让我们对未来有了更多的想象。在天一阁古籍修复工作间里,充满青春活力的90后和饱经风霜的古籍形成了一幅动静相宜的和谐画面。青春作伴,古籍不老。
When Fan Qin (1506-1585) retired from the Ministry of War of the Ming Dynasty, he came back to his hometown Ningbo. He set up Tianyige Library. The library is the present-day Chinas only ancient private library that has survived for over 400 years of wars and political tumults. Changchun Road in Ningbo leads to the ancient library, where some very precious books of the Ming are housed.
For such a library, how to keep ancient books in good conditions and how to resuscitate those that can resist the wear and tear of time no more is always a huge challenge.
“I dont know whether protecting the library is an honor for the Fan family or a hard labor of hundreds of years,” wonders Yu Qiuyu, a scholar of Chinese culture. Now there are 13 book restorers working at a stand-alone three-story building in the library compound. They are there to keep the librarys collection intact.
The team is headed by Wang Jinyu, a woman who has worked in antique book restoration for over 40 years and now is director of the Book Restoration Department of Tianyige.
The teams mission sounds simple, but the work it does is huge. In the collection of the library are 158,000 volumes in 22,000 titles. The library has a special collection of about 800 family ancestral books and documents donated by various families across Zhejiang. About 40 percent of the ancient books and documents in this special collection need restoring. Chemicals in the pages and binding threads that cone bound the books together break down due to the wear and tear of time. It takes several generations to restore this number of books before other books now in good condition will see the risk of disintegration.
Antique book restoring is difficult and time-consuming. At Tianyige Library, a restorer photographs a target book from page to page at the very beginning of a book restoration task. A restoration procedure comprises 14 steps. After all the preparations and diagnose and analyses, it usually takes a few hours to repair a single page. Generally speaking, it takes one month or two to make a book good again. In some cases, a year or more is needed to restore a book.
The most important material for antique book restoration is paper. The book hospital has a special room where nearly 300 kinds of hand-made paper are kept in compartments of a huge wood cabinet. On the glass door of each small compartment is a sticker with an exclusive serial number on it. Each number is a databank where all the technical information on the paper is stored and can be traced. A restorer needs to evaluate the paper of a target book and selects the same or similar paper from the papers stored at the paper room.
Another important task for restoration is to make a starch paste. As different books require different starch pastes, an apprentice learns gradually how to make a starch paste for a special task. There is no text book on the making of starch pasts for antique book restoration at Tianyige Library. An apprentice learns from a master and studies special recipes.
At Tianyige Library a restorer prefers to use her own tools and occasionally she makes some special tools for herself. The restorers dont borrow tools from each other.
In the eye of the restoration team, the most glorious moment in these years for Tianyige occurred on December 8, 2015 when a book restoration and a document restoration done at Tianyige were officially adopted by UNESCO as case studies and written into . The guidelines were jointly written by experts at Tianyige.
Some restorers at Tianyige are quite young. The 31-year-old Xie Longlong has been working as a book doctor at Tianyige since his graduation as a major of antique book restoration from Jinling Institute of Technology based in Nanjing. He has restored dozens of books at Tianyige. He feels happy after seeing the role antique books play in academic research. He had over 80 college mates who specialized in the restoration major. Today, about five of them are still in this profession.
The youngest restorer of the department is a girl named Zhang Jing born in 1997. She graduated from college in 2018. A fast worker, she has restored and repaired three sets of antique books since she joined the restoration department. Asked why she chose this job, she says, “I watched a documentary about antique book restoration and fell in love with this kind of work. I chose the profession when I entered college.”
Zhang is not the only one born in the 1990s on the team. There are others who are as young as Zhang. They are the future of the restoration at Tianyige.
Any visitor who steps into Tianyige will inevitably notices a fragrance of herbals. The ambience aroma is a traditional way to protect books from being gnawed by insects or mice. But the library has something quite new. The Book Restoration Department has a modern lab equipped with sophisticated devices that help restorers find out exact information on the age, texture, and color shades of antique books.