胃癌患者外周血中性粒细胞及血小板与淋巴细胞比值与胃癌病理特征之间的关系
2019-10-09刘珺良王子文费素娟
刘珺良 王子文 费素娟
[摘要] 目的 探讨胃癌患者血清中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)及血小板与淋巴细胞比值(PLR)与胃癌病理特征之间的相关性。 方法 选择2015年1月~2018年8月于徐州医科大学附属医院(以下简称“我院”)就诊的457例胃癌患者作为研究对象,以同期在我院体检的200名健康人群为对照组,分析两组NLR及PLR的差异,以及肿瘤浸润深度、淋巴结转移和TNM分期与NLR、PLR之间的相关性。 结果 胃癌组NLR、PLR均明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。NLR升高组(NLR≥2.44)患者较NLR降低组(NLR<2.44)、PLR升高组(PLR≥176.59)患者较PLR降低组(PLR<176.59)患者,有更大的肿瘤最大径、更差的分化程度、更深的浸润深度、更多的淋巴结转移和较晚的TNM分期,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。NLR升高+PLR升高组淋巴结转移人数所占比例明显高于NLR降低+PLR升高组、NLR升高+PLR降低组及NLR降低+PLR降低组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05);NLR降低+PLR升高组、NLR升高+PLR降低组患者淋巴结转移率明显高于NLR降低+PLR降低组(P < 0.05),其他各组间淋巴结转移率比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。NLR和PLR之间存在明显正相关性(r = 0.648,P < 0.05)。 结论 胃癌患者NLR、PLR越高,提示腫瘤浸润程度越深、分化程度越低、淋巴结转移数目越多、肿瘤直径越大及TNM分期越晚,预后越差。
[关键词] 胃癌;中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值;血小板与淋巴细胞比值;淋巴结转移
[中图分类号] R735.2 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2019)07(b)-0116-05
Relationship between the ratio of peripheral blood neutrophils and platelet to lymphocytes in patients with gastric cancer and the pathological characteristics of gastric cancer
LIU Junliang1 WANG Ziwen1 FEI Sujuan2
1.Clinical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221002, China; 2.Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221002, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the correlation of serum neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) with pathological features of gastric cancer in patients with gastric cancer. Methods A total of 457 patients with gastric cancer who were admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University (“our hospital” for short) from January 2015 to August 2018 were enrolled in the study. The 200 healthy people taken physical examination in our hospital during the same period were used as the control group. The differences of NLR and PLR between the two groups were analyzed retrospectively. And the correlation between tumor invasion depth or lymph node metastasis or TNM staging and NLR or PLR was analyzed. Results NLR and PLR in the gastric cancer group were significantly higher than those in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The patients in NLR elevation group (NLR≥2.44) were more likely to have larger tumor diameters, worse differentiation, deeper infiltration depth, more lymph node metastasis, and later TNM than those in the NLR reduction group (NLR<2.44), as well as PLR elevation group (PLR≥176.59) compared with PLR reduction group (PLR<176.59) (P < 0.05). The proportion of lymph node metastasis in patients with NLR elevation + PLR elevation group was significantly higher than that in NLR reduction + PLR elevation, NLR elevation + PLR reduction and NLR reduction + PLR reduction groups (P < 0.05). The lymph node metastasis rate of NLR reduction + PLR elevation group and NLR elevation + PLR reduction group was significantly higher than NLR reduction + PLR reduction group (P < 0.05), there was no significant difference in lymph node metastasis rate among the other groups (P > 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between NLR and PLR (r = 0.648, P < 0.05). Conclusion The higher the NLR and PLR of gastric cancer patients, the deeper the degree of tumor infiltration, the lower the degree of differentiation, the greater the number of lymph node metastases, the larger the tumor diameter and the later the TNM stage, the worse the prognosis.
[Key words] Gastric cancer; Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; Lymphatic metastasis
胃癌是最常见的消化道肿瘤,每年全世界74%的新发胃癌病例在亚洲,其中47%在中国,我国胃癌的发病率在男性和女性中分列第2、3位,病死率均列第2位[1]。近些年来,越来越多的研究证实了炎性反应在癌症中的作用[2-4],如幽门螺杆菌感染所致的胃癌就是以中性粒细胞和T细胞为主的炎症细胞浸润[5],包括中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)和血小板与淋巴细胞比值(platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio,PLR)在内的血液中各种炎性标志物被广泛关注。本研究旨在探讨胃癌患者外周血中NLR、PLR和胃癌病理资料(包括临床TNM分期、淋巴结转移等)之间的相关性,为预测患者TNM分期以及评估预后提供一些帮助。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选择2015年1月~2018年8月在徐州医科大学附属医院(以下简称“我院”)胃肠外科行胃癌根治术的胃癌患者作为胃癌组,共计457例,其中女125例,男332例,平均年龄(59.61±11.45)岁。以同期在我院体检的200名健康人群为对照组,其中女53名,男147名,平均年龄(58.73±12.31)岁。
1.2 纳入与排除标准
1.2.1 纳入标准 ①病历资料齐全的初诊胃癌患者,术后病理证实为胃恶性肿瘤并行根治性切除手术,胃癌的诊断标准及分期参照2017年美国癌症联合会(AJCC)指南(第8版)[6];②血液标本在术前1周留取。
1.2.2 排除标准 ①术前行新辅助放疗和化疗;②合并其他恶性肿瘤;③术前1个月内有活动性出血、凝血功能障碍或接受输血治疗;④伴有甲状腺功能亢进或减退、结缔组织病等;⑤术前1个月内应用激素或免疫抑制剂。
1.3 方法
1.3.1 标本采集 研究对象的临床资料:姓名、年龄、性别、住院号。术后的病理资料:肿瘤最大直径、部位、分化程度、浸润深度、淋巴结转移数目、远处转移和TNM分期等。受试者禁食12 h后于次晨空腹抽取静脉血,送至我院检验科检测血常规。
1.3.2 样本分组依据 457例胃癌患者外周血NLR为(2.44±0.86),PLR为(176.59±62.61)。将NLR≥2.44的患者定义为NLR升高组,NLR<2.44的患者定义为NLR降低组,将PLR≥176.59的患者定义为PLR升高组,PLR<176.59的患者定义为PLR降低组。将NLR≥2.44且PLR≥176.59的患者定义为NLR升高+PLR升高组,将NLR≥2.44且PLR<176.59的患者定义为NLR升高+PLR降低组,将NLR<2.44且PLR≥176.59的患者定义为NLR降低+PLR升高组,将NLR<2.44且PLR<176.59的患者定义为NLR降低+PLR降低组。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS 21.0对数据进行统计分析。计量资料符合正态分布,采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组间比较采用两独立样本t检验。计数资料采用例数或百分比表示,两组间比较采用χ2检验。采用Pearson相关性分析对NLR和PLR之间的相关性进行分析。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 胃癌组和对照组相关指标比较
两组患者性别、年龄比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),具有可比性。胃癌组NLR、PLR均明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表1。
2.2 胃癌患者NLR、PLR与临床病理资料的关系
胃癌患者外周血中NLR和PLR升高组与降低组比较,前者肿瘤最大径更大、淋巴结转移数量较多、分化程度更差、TNM分期较晚、浸润深度较深,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表2。
2.3 胃癌患者NLR、PLR与淋巴结转移的关系
NLR升高+PLR升高组、NLR降低+PLR升高组、NLR升高+PLR降低组、NLR降低+PLR降低组的淋巴结转移率分别为94.90%、66.22%、60.00%、23.48%,经两两比较,NLR升高+PLR升高组淋巴结转移人数所占比例均明显高于其他三组,差异均有统计学意义(χ2 = 40.714、26.286、155.707,均P < 0.05);NLR降低+PLR升高组、NLR升高+PLR降低组淋巴结转移人数所占比例均明显高于NLR降低+PLR降低组,差异均有统计学意义(χ2 = 51.277、11.416,均P < 0.05);NLR降低+PLR升高组淋巴结转移人数所占比例与NLR升高+PLR降低组差异无统计学意义(χ2 = 0.301,P > 0.05)。见表3。
2.4 NLR、PLR之间的相关性分析
PLR与NLR之间的相关性经Pearson相关性分析结果显示,NLR与PLR之间存在明显的正相关性(r = 0.648,P < 0.05)。见图1。
3 讨论
1863年,病理学家Roulf Virchow首次提出肿瘤源自慢性炎症的理论后,越来越多的研究证明肿瘤与炎症相关[7]。近年来研究表明[8],如果炎性反应没有被及时调控,就会迁延为诱导周围组织中细胞癌变的慢性炎症,增加致癌性,有学者认为这是由于炎性反应与组织癌变共用相似的分子靶点及信号通路所致[9]。随着现代医学的发展,人们对于机体的炎症状态与恶性肿瘤的关系有了更深的认识。肿瘤相关炎症细胞通过释放一系列炎性介质、细胞因子及酶类物质,造成血管通透性的改变,进而诱发更多的炎症细胞参与炎性反应,并通过释放炎性介质,造成氧化损伤、DNA突变、肿瘤微环境改变等,从而促进肿瘤细胞的增殖、侵袭和转移[10]。其中,作为肿瘤微环境中重要因子的中性粒细胞、血小板、淋巴细胞,介入了肿瘤发生成长的整个過程,在肿瘤相关的炎症和免疫中扮演了重要的角色[11]。因此,探索NLR、PLR与胃癌转归的联系,具有重要意义。
外周血中性粒细胞升高与肿瘤产生的造血细胞因子相关,中性粒细胞计数被认为和肿瘤的固有侵袭性有关[12]。中性粒细胞通过上调相关蛋白酶及细胞因子的表达,激活相应信号通路(IRS-1-PI3K-磷酸AKT),进而促进肿瘤的生长及转移[13]。同时,中性粒细胞也可以通过重塑细胞外基质,释放活性氧、一氧化氮等来促进肿瘤的生长和转移,然后通过释放反应物来抑制细胞毒性淋巴细胞的功能[14]。中性粒细胞增加及其功能增强可导致胃癌患者的预后不良,专家们称中性粒细胞增多是肿瘤进展的“警示灯”[15]。血小板可通过促进血管新生、产生黏附分子而促进癌细胞生长和转移,还可保护癌细胞免受免疫攻击、机械损伤,并协助癌细胞发生免疫逃逸。同时,癌细胞也可诱导血小板的聚集,新生肿瘤分泌白介素(IL)-6和组织因子促进血小板的生成及活化。另外,分泌的血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)有利于血管形成,促进肿瘤的发展[16]。临床资料显示,血小板的计数和功能异常与肿瘤进展相关[17]。相关研究表明,肿瘤细胞可产生VEGF、TGF-β、IL-10等具有免疫抑制性的细胞因子,抑制T淋巴细胞浸润[18]。癌症患者体内淋巴细胞数量减少,与肿瘤细胞抑制淋巴细胞介导的免疫反应有关[19]。正常人外周血NLR、PLR作为上述3种细胞的比值,具有相对的稳定性。随着肿瘤的进展及转移,患者体内中性粒细胞、血小板计数升高,淋巴细胞计数减少,机体炎性反应与抗肿瘤免疫之间失去平衡,促进肿瘤细胞浸润转移的因素增加。
既往研究证实,NLR和PLR與多种恶性肿瘤预后密切相关,如结肠、胃、食管、卵巢、肺、乳腺、胰腺[20-25]。一项大样本的研究表明,NLR能够独立预测可切除胃癌患者的术后生存率[26],PLR升高提示胃癌患者预后欠佳[27]。本研究发现,高NLR、PLR胃癌患者在肿瘤大小、分化程度、浸润深度、淋巴结转移和TNM分期方面与低NLR、PLR胃癌患者的差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05),提示胃癌患者NLR、PLR越高,肿瘤浸润程度越深,分化程度越低,淋巴结转移数目越多,肿瘤直径越大,TNM分期越晚,并由此推测,当NLR、PLR升高时,意味着机体的有效防御力减弱,抵御恶性肿瘤细胞的屏障被破坏,最终导致患者的预后变差。
随着多学科诊疗技术的进步,胃癌的预后较前有所改善。有无淋巴结转移是影响胃癌预后的重要因素[28]。Aizawa等[29]研究表明,NLR升高提示胃癌淋巴结转移,其可能原因为中性粒细胞是循环中VEGF的主要来源,VEGF的过度表达可促进肿瘤血管生成及远处转移。本研究结果显示,胃癌患者外周血PLR≥176.59及NLR≥2.44提示淋巴结转移,对手术方式的选择及淋巴结清扫具有一定的指导意义。
综上所述,胃癌患者外周血NLR、PLR升高,与患者的肿瘤大小、分化程度、浸润深度、淋巴结转移、临床分期相关,对于患者预后具有一定的预测价值。但本研究为回顾性研究,仅根据淋巴结转移、肿瘤浸润深度、大小等情况判断胃癌患者的疾病进展及预后还不够全面,希望以后的学者以更大样本量或前瞻性研究来进一步证实。
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