善用这三点，巧选过渡句

2019-09-28罗丽雯

广东教育·高中 2019年9期

关键词：下文逗号通顺

罗丽雯

全国卷中的“七选五”是在一篇短文中抽出五句话，抽走的句子可能在段首、段中或段尾。段首一般是主题句或总起句，段末（文末）一般是总结性的句子。这些我们一般容易得分。因而本文主要讨论的是，当抽出的句子出现于段中时，我们应如何解决。

一、善用“逗号”

我们来看如下两道真题：

2015年全国I卷

Training for a marathon requires careful preparation and steady， gradual increases in the length of the runs. 36 ， buy the best-fitting， best-built running shoes you can find.

During the first week， do not think about distance， but run five minutes longer each day. 38 ， it is wise to take a day off to rest.

A. After six days

B. For a good marathon runner

C. Before you begin your training

D. With each day， increase the distance by a half mile

E. If they still feel good， you can begin running in them

F. Time spent for preparation raises the quality of training

G. Now you are ready to figure out a goal of improving distance and time

2018年全国I卷

Color is fundamental in home design-something youll always have in every room. A grasp of how to manage color in your spaces is one of the first steps to creating rooms youll love to live in. Do you want a room thats full of life？Professional？Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day？ 36 ， color is the key to make a room feel the way you want it to feel.

Over the years， there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point. 37 ， they can get a little complex. But good news is that therere really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home： the small ones， the medium ones， and the large ones.

A. While all of them are useful

B. Whatever youre looking for

C. If youre experimenting with a color

D. Small color choices are the ones were most familiar with

E. Its not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces

F. So it pays to be sure， because you want to get it right the first time

G. Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways

不难发现，这四个空有着相同的特点，那就是划线后有个逗号，后面跟的是一个句子。如果遇到这样的设空，选项的范围马上就缩小了。因为这说明选项要么是“非句子”，如果是句子，则需要有连词。因此，2015年高考題的36空，只剩下A， B， C可以选择，而后再利用段首的requires careful preparation，我们可以锁定C Before you begin your training，因为准备事项是发生在跑步之前的。而37空，同理，也只有A， B， C可以选项，再利用上下文的During the first week，take a day off，锁定A，因为一周只有7天，1天休息，那就是6天之后。

2018年高考题的36空，同理，我们剩下A， B， C可以选择。再利用前两句的“Do you want a room ...”，“Or are you just looking for a place ...”锁定B. Whatever youre looking for，内容与上文承接。至于37题，可以利用代词they，我们尝试将A代入原文，从句意来看“尽管所有（的办法）都有用，但是可能有点复杂”，意思上说得通，且下文还有“But good news is that ...”更确定A为正确答案。〔方法有用，但有些复杂。可是好消息是（即使复杂）你所要做的决定只有三种〕

笔者认为这样的题目属于容易得分的题目，逗号虽不起眼，却也有它微妙之处。考生们遇到这样的题目一定要争取拿分。

二、善用“句式”

2016年全国I卷

A code uses symbols to replace words， phrases， or sentences. To read the message of a real code， you must have a code book. 39 For example，“bridge”might stand for“meet”and“out”might stand for“me.”The message“Bridge out”would actually mean“Meet me.” 40 However， it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.

A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.

B. In any language， some letters are used more than others.

C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message.

D. As long as there have been codes， people have tried to break them.

E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.

F. With a code book， you might write down words that would stand for other words.

G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.

第40也是一个过渡句，且根据however我们知道抽出的句子是与后面的句子成转折关系。但若再观察，我们会发现选项中A所用的句式跟however后的句子是一样的，it is hard to do ... . However， it is also hard to do ...，最后串句成段：“沒有密码本，很难解密。但也很难长久地保‘密”，意思上正确，确定A。

2018年全国Ⅱ卷

If you are already making the time to exercise，it is good indeed！With such busy lives， it can be hard to try and find the time to work out. 36 Working out in the morning provides additional benefits beyond being physically fit.

A. You will stick to your diet.

B. Your quality of sleep improves.

C. You prefer healthy food to fast food.

D. There is no reason you should exercise the morning.

E. You can keep your head clear for 4-10 hours after exercise.

F. After you exercise， you continue to burn calories throughout the day.

G. If you are planning to do exercise regularly or youre doing it now， then listen up！

通过阅读上文，可知是与锻炼有关的话题。且这一段是全文第一段，属于总起段，选项A提到diet，选项B提到quality of sleep，选项C提到food等，其实都属于提到比较细节的内容，很少会放在第一段。再仔细阅读，不难发现选项G的句式与段首的句式相似，If you are（already）doing ...，代入原文：如果你已经能腾出时间锻炼，很好！毕竟生活繁忙，我们很难挤出时间锻炼。如果计划长期锻炼或者你已经这样做了，听好了！在早上锻炼的话，你所得到的好处远远不止身体健康这么简单。上下文通顺，锁定答案G。

2019年全国Ⅱ卷

Another way of setting realistic goals is to analyze your short and long term objectives， keeping in mind your beliefs， values and strengths. Remember that goals are flexible.

39 They also need to be measurable. You must keep these points in mind while setting your goals.

A. This can affect your work.

B. So how should you motivate yourself？

C. However， this should not discourage you.

D. So why should we try to set specific goals？

E. They can change according to circumstances.

F. Motivation is what you need most to do a good job.

G. Without motivation you can neither set a goal nor reach it.

“goals are flexible”，劃空后是“They also need to be measurable”，不难利用代词they和句式确定E为正确答案。

这一类题给考生留下足够的线索，考生如果发现有些选项的句式跟短文的上下文相似，可以把它作为备选。但考试说明指出：阅读“主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。”，所以“逗号”“句式”它们是帮助我们迅速解题的依据，但我们也不能这样轻率地确定答案，依然得将选项句子代入原文去判断，看是否上下文通顺、有意义。

三、善于“概括”

2016年全国I卷

A code uses symbols to replace words， phrases， or sentences. To read the message of a real code， you must have a code book. 39 For example，“bridge”might stand for“meet”and“out”might stand for“me.”The message“Bridge out”would actually mean “Meet me.” 40 However， it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.

A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.

B. In any language， some letters are used more than others.

C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message.

D. As long as there have been codes， people have tried to break them.

E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.

F. With a code book， you might write down words that would stand for other words.

G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.

第39空，利用上文“you must have a code book”，我们将A， F这两个含有”code book”的选项作为备选，利用下文For example，“bridge”might stand for“meet”and“out”might stand for“me.”，确定F为正确答案：有了密码本，你可以写下一些词，这些词本身另有含义。比如，“bridge”可能代表“meet”，“out”代表”Me”。

因为For example的出现，表明下文即将对上文作出解释，逻辑上是有关系的。而笔者认为，既然下文是对上文的具体化描述，那划空句可以理解为概括句（只是概括的内容相对较少），所以概括句未必一定就是在段首，段中也有可能。再看下面这个例子。

2017年全国I卷

The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer.

37 We slept in a tent， cooked over an open fire， and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom. This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work， recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctors bill for my sons food poisoning.

A. This time there was no tent.

B. Things are going to be improved.

C. The trip they took me on was a rough one.

D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then，however.

E. I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.

F. After the trip， my family became quite interested in camping.

G. There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.

第37空，劃线后描述的是作者露营的情况：睡帐篷，用篝火煮食，要洗澡得步行较长距离等……这些具体的情况都说明这次露营条件一般，我们确定C. The trip they took me on was a rough one. 为正确答案。

2018年全国I卷

Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofa， dinner tables or bookshelves. 39 . They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones， and they have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space.