“主谓一致”考点聚焦
2019-09-10张祥美
张祥美
在英语中，句子的谓语动词在人称和数上必须和主语保持一致，这就是我们通常所说的“主谓一致”。
◎要点梳理
“主谓一致”一般遵循语法一致、意义一致和就近一致三个原则。
一、语法一致原则
语法一致原则是指谓语动词要与主语在语法形式上保持一致，即谓语动词用单数形式还是复数形式取决于主语的单、复数形式。
1.在以⁃s（或⁃es）结尾的人名前加定冠词the用来表示一家人、夫妻两个人或同名同姓的若干人作主语时，谓语动词应用复数形式。例如：
The Whites were having dinner when I arrived. 我到达时，怀特一家正在吃晚饭。
2.主语为可数名词复数时，谓语动词应用复数形式;主语为可数名词单数或不可数名词时，谓语动词应用单数形式。例如：
Liu Tao often goes to work by car. 刘涛常常开车去上班。
We have never been to the Great Wall. 我们从未去过长城。
3.主语的名词前有three⁃fifths（3/5）、20%等分数词修饰时，谓语动词的单、复数形式应依名词的类别和数量而定。例如：
Three⁃fifths of the ground is covered with snow. 五分之三的地面都被雪覆盖着。
4.动名词（短语）、动词不定式（短语）或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。但若由and连接两个动名词（短语）或动词不定式（短语）作主语时，谓语动词则用复数形式。例如：
Reading aloud is helpful to learn English. 大声读对学英语是有帮助的。
To say something is one thing， to do it is another. 说是一回事，做是另一回事。
What he said has been recorded. 他說的话被录音了。
5.国家、机构、事件、作品等名称作主语时，谓语动词应用单数形式。例如：
One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of interesting stories. 《一千零一夜》给人们讲了许多有趣的故事。
6.all、some、several、both、few、many和a number of等作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词应用复数形式。例如：
A number of books have lent out. 许多书已经被借出去了。
7.a kind of、 the number of等与名词构成的短语作主语时，谓语动词应用单数形式。例如：
The number of workers in the factory is less than 1200.这家工厂里工人的数量不到1200。
二、意义一致原则
意义一致原则是指从意义上着眼处理主谓一致的关系，而不仅仅取决于表面上的语法一致。
1.shoes、trousers、gloves、glasses和 scissors等成双成对的名词作主语时，谓语动词应用复数形式;若这些名词前用了pair之类的表示计量单位的单词时，谓语动词的单、复数形式则由这些计量单词的单、复数形式决定。例如：
The pair of sunglasses is made of plastic. 这副太阳镜是塑料做的。
Here are some new pairs of shoes. 这儿有几双新鞋。
2.由and或both... and...连接的并列主语，其后的谓语动词用复数形式。例如：
Both Millie and Sandy were there. 米丽和桑迪都在那儿。
3.表示金钱、时间、距离、重量、数量等复数名词作主语时，谓语动词应用单数形式。例如：
Eight hours of sleep is enough. 八小时的睡眠就足够了。
Twenty years stands for a long period in ones life. 在人的一生里，二十年意味着是一段很长的时期。
4.由some、any、no和every等构成的不定代词以及either、neither、many a等作主语时，谓语动词应用单数形式。例如：
Neither of my classmates likes sports. 我的同班同学中没有人喜欢运动。
Everything begins to grow in spring. 春天万物开始生长。
5.news、physics、maths和politics等复数形式表示单数意义的名词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。例如：
The good news makes people happy. 好消息使人高兴。
6.class、family、team、army、club、public、group和police等单数形式的集合名词作主语，当它们强调总体概念时，谓语动词用单数形式;当强调个体概念时，谓语动词则用复数形式。例如：
People say that the girl is very bright. 人们都说那个女孩很聪明。
Greens family are having lunch. 格林一家人正在吃午饭。
三、就近一致原则
就近一致原则是指谓语动词的单、复数形式要与它紧邻的主语的单、复数形式保持一致。
1.neither... nor...、either... or...、not only... but also...以及or等连接两个主语时，谓语动词应该与其最靠近的主语保持人称和数的一致。例如：
Not only I but also he wants to go swimming in the river. 不仅是我，他也想去河里游泳。
2.在There be...和Here be...句式中，若主语是几个并列成分时，be动词应与其最靠近的主语保持数的一致。例如：
Here is a letter and two newspapers for your father. 这儿有你爸爸的一封信和两张报纸。
另外，若主语带有表示伴随的介词或介词短语，如with...、 along with...、 together with...和 except...等時，谓语动词的单、复数形式由介词或介词短语前的主语的单、复数形式来决定。例如：
He with his teachers is going to visit Mount Tai next week. 下周他和他的老师们要到泰山观光旅游。
还要注意，当but、except、besides、including、as well as和like等连接两个主语时，谓语动词需和前面的主语保持人称和数的一致。例如：
Nobody except his parents was there. 除了他的父母，没有其他的人在那儿。
◎真题回放
1.Everyone in my class except Tom and Mary to Beijing.
【2018·齐齐哈尔中考题】
A.have been
B.have gone
C.has been
【答案与解析】C 根据句意“除了汤姆和玛丽之外，我们都去过北京”可知要用have been to。主语为everyone，助动词应用has。
2.Playing computer games too often
bad for us.
【2018·永州中考题】
A.am B.is C.are
【答案与解析】B 动名词短语作主语时，谓语动词应用单数形式。
3.—How many doctors are there in your hospital， David？
— them over one hundred.
【2018·眉山中考题】
A.woman; The number of; is
B.women; A number of; are
C.woman; A number of; is
D.women; The number of; is
【答案与解析】D woman doctor的复数形式为women doctors;主语the number of...后的谓语动词要用单数形式。
4.Neither Tom nor I interested in playing WeChat.
【2018·兰州中考题】
A.am B.is C.are D.be
【答案与解析】A neither... nor...连接两个主语时，谓语动词在人称和数上应与其相邻的主语保持一致。
5.Not only children but also my husband crazy about the movie Operation Red Sea （《红海行动》）.
【2018·泰州中考题】
A.is B.are C.am D.be
【答案与解析】A not only... but also...连接两个主语时，谓语动词的单、复数形式应与后一个主语的单、复数形式保持一致，故用is。
6.Lets save pandas. There
only about 2，000 pandas living in the forests now.
【2018·吉林中考题】
A.am B.is C.are
【答案与解析】C there be句型中be动词的单、复数形式应与主语about 2，000 pandas保持一致，故用are。
7.Andy， with his parents， Hong Kong， and some shopping by them.
【2018·安顺中考题】
A.have gone to; will do
B.has gone to; will be done
C.have been to; will do
D.has been to; do
【答案与解析】B Andy是主语，with his parents短语作状语，谓语动词用单数形式。根据后半句可知，他们去了香港还未回来，用has gone to。再根据by them可知，第二空用被动语态。
8.—David has been away for more than 25 days.
—I miss him very much， 25 days
short.
【2010·黄冈中考题】
A.is B.isnt
C.are D.arent
【答案與解析】A “25天”是指时间量，一般看作是一个整体，谓语动词应用单数形式。由前半句“我很想念他”可判断，25天不是短暂的。
9.Both Mike and I ready for the new high school life.
【2018·新疆中考题】
A.be B.am C.is D.are
【答案与解析】B both... and...连接两个主语时，谓语动词应用复数形式。
10.Helen has got two brothers.
of them likes chocolate， but she loves it.
【2016·安徽中考题】
A.Neither B.None
C.Each D.Any
【答案与解析】A 句意：海伦有两个哥哥，他们俩没有一个喜欢巧克力的，但她喜欢。根据句意及谓语动词likes可知，要用neither。
◎贴身小练
根据句意，从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出能够填入空白处的最佳选项。
1.Both Kate and I ready for the new high school life.
A.am B.is
C.are D.be
2.Now smart phones in many ways in our daily life.
A.are used B.is used
C.are using D.is using
3.Maths my favorite subject.
A.am B.be
C.is D.are
4.Three days too long for us to wait.
A.are B.is C.am D.be
5.Look！ A number of students
football on the playground.
A.are playing B.is playing
C.plays D.will play
6.Not only I but also he good at drawing now.
A.am
B.are
C.is
D.be
7.Nobody but you the secret.
A.know B.knows
C.have known D.is
8.You as well as he to blame for the accident.
A.are B.is
C.have D.has
9.That place is not interesting at all. of us to go there.
A.Both; want
B.Neither; wants
C.Some; wants
D.All; want
10.The boy with the two dogs
when the earthquake rocked the city.
A.were sleeping
B.are sleeping
C.is sleeping
D.was sleeping
11.The news he told you very wonderful.
A.is B.sound
C.are D.am
12.The rest of milk hot.
A.are B.look like
C.is D.am
13.More than 70% of the students
the countryside.
A.is B.are
C.is from D.are from
14.To play basketball and to go swimming useful for character?training.
A.was B.is
C.are D.were
15.Look！The police for a thief over there.
A.is searching
B.was searching
C.are searching
D.were searching
（答案见第63页）
