他喷他多速释剂用于缓解拇囊炎术后中重度急性疼痛有效性和安全性的Meta分析
2019-09-10何淼泉王继生肖京平王昀子刘阳郭濠宁
何淼泉 王继生 肖京平 王昀子 刘阳 郭濠宁
摘 要 目的:系統评价他喷他多速释剂(Tap IR)用于缓解拇囊炎术后中重度急性疼痛的有效性与安全性,为临床合理用药提供循证参考。方法:计算机检索PubMed、Medline、Cochrane图书馆、中国知网、维普数据库、万方数据库、美国临床试验网数据库,收集Tap IR(试验组)对比羟考酮速释剂或安慰剂用于缓解拇囊炎术后中重度急性疼痛的随机对照试验(RCT)。筛选文献、提取资料并采用改良Jadad量表评价文献质量后,采用Rev Man 5.3软件进行 Meta 分析。结果:共纳入6项RCT,共计2 378例患者。Meta 分析结果显示,试验组患者48 h疼痛缓解总值(TOTPAR48)显著高于对照组 [MD=35.60,95%CI(27.31,43.88),P<0.000 01]。亚组分析结果显示,试验组中使用50 mg[MD=28.68,95%CI(18.18,39.17),P<0.00 001]、75 mg[MD=39.97,95%CI(34.21,45.73),P<0.00 001]、100 mg[MD=38.50,95%CI(1.46,75.54),P=0.04]患者的TOTPAR48显著高于对照组;试验组中使用75 mg患者的TOTPAR48显著高于使用50 mg者[MD=9.04,95%CI(4.31,13.77),P=0.000 2]。两组患者补救药物使用率(URM)比较差异无统计学意义[RR=1.23,95%CI(0.84,1.80),P=0.29];亚组分析结果显示,试验组中使用75 mg患者的URM显著低于使用50 mg者[RR=0.62,95%CI(0.41,0.94),P=0.02]。试验组患者48 h疼痛强度差总值(SPID48)显著低于对照组[MD=-18.96,95%CI(-37.28,-0.64),P=0.04];亚组分析结果显示,试验组中使用75 mg患者的SPID48显著高于使用50 mg者[MD=21.66,95%CI(8.93,34.39),P=0.000 9]。两组患者总体疼痛印象改变值(PGIC)比较差异无统计学意义[RR=0.95,95%CI(0.88,1.03),P=0.23];亚组分析结果显示,试验组中使用75 mg患者的PGIC显著高于使用50 mg者[RR=1.07,95%CI(1.01,1.13),P=0.02],显著低于使用100 mg者[RR=0.86,95%CI(0.77,0.97),P=0.01]。试验组患者恶心、呕吐、便秘、头晕、头痛发生率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:Tap IR用于缓解拇囊炎术后中重度急性疼痛的疗效与安全性均较好,且75 mg可能为其最佳用药剂量。
关键词 他喷他多速释剂;羟考酮速释剂;拇囊炎;术后;中重度急性疼痛;疗效;安全性;Meta 分析
Meta-analysis of Efficacy and Safety of Tapentadol Immediate-release Preparation for Relieving Moderate and Severe Acute Pain after Brachiocephalic Arteritis
HE Miaoquan1,WANG Jisheng1,XIAO Jingping1,WANG Yunzi2,LIU Yang1,GUO Haoning1(1. Dept. of Pharmacy, Mianyang Third People’s Hospital/Sichuan Mental Health Center, Sichuan Mianyang 621000, China; 2. Dept. of Pathology, Sichuan Science City Hospital, Sichuan Mianyang 621000, China)
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of Tapentadol immediate-release preparation (Tap IR) for relieving severe acute pain after brachiocephalic arteritis, and to provide evidence-based reference for rational drug use. METHODS: Retrieved from PubMed, Medline, Cochrane library, CNKI, VIP, Wanfang database and American clinical trial database, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about Tap IR (trial group) versus Oxycodone immediate-release preparation or placebo for relieving severe acute pain after brachiocephalic arteritis were collected. After literature screening, data extraction and literature quality evaluation with modified Jadad scale, Meta-analysis was conducted by using RevMan 5.3 software. RESULTS: A total of 6 RCTs were included, involving 2 378 patients. Results of Meta-analysis showed that 48 h total pain relief value (TOTPAR48) of trial group was significantly higher than control group [MD=35.60,95%CI(27.31, 43.88), P<0.000 01]. Results of sub-group analysis showed that TOTPAR48 of trial group using Tap IR 50 mg [MD=28.68, 95%CI (18.18, 39.17),P<0.00 001], 75 mg [MD=39.97, 95%CI (34.21, 45.73), P<0.000 01] and 100 mg[MD=38.50, 95%CI(1.46, 75.54),P=0.04] were significantly higher than control group; TOTPAR48 of patients who received Tap IR 75 mg were significantly higher than patients who received Tap IR 50 mg [MD=9.04,95% CI(4.31, 13.77),P=0.000 2]. There was no statistical significance in the utilization rate of rescue medicine (URM) between 2 groups [RR=1.23,95% CI(0.84, 1.80),P=0.29]. Subgroup analysis showed that URM in patients who received Tap IR 75 mg was significantly lower than those receiving Tap IR 50 mg [RR=0.62,95%CI(0.41, 0.94),P=0.02]. The total difference of 48 h pain intensity (SPID48) in trial group was significantly lower than control group [MD=-18.96,95%CI(-37.28,-0.64),P=0.04]. Subgroup analysis showed that SPID48 in patients who received Tap IR 75 mg was significantly higher than those receiving Tap IR 50 mg [MD=21.66,95%CI(8.93, 34.39),P=0.000 9]. There was no statistical significance in the total change of pain impression (PGIC) between 2 groups [RR=0.95,95%CI(0.88, 1.03),P=0.23]. Subgroup analysis showed that PGIC in patients who received Tap IR 75 mg was significantly higher than those receiving Tap IR 50 mg [RR=1.07,95%CI(1.01, 1.13),P=0.02] but significantly lower than those receiving Tap IR 100 mg [RR=0.86,95%CI(0.77, 0.97),P=0.01]. The incidence of nausea, vomiting, constipation, dizziness and headache in trial group were significantly lower than control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Tap IR shows good therapeutic efficacy and safety for severe acute pain after brachiocephalic arteritis, and the efficacy of Tap IR might be better when the dose of Tap IR is 75 mg.
KEYWORDS Tapentadol immediate-release preparation; Oxycodone immediate-release preparation; Brachiocephalic arteritis; Post-operative; Moderate and severe acute pain; Therapeutic efficacy; Safety; Meta-analysis
手术后的患者常受到中重度急性疼痛的困扰,若治疗不善很可能转变为神经病理性或混合性疼痛,从而增加如深静脉血栓等严重并发症的发生风险。因此,术后中重度疼痛的治療是临床亟待解决的问题[1-3]。
目前,治疗中重度疼痛的药物主要为阿片类药物,如羟考酮、吗啡、哌替啶等,但该类药物因不良反应较多,如恶心、呕吐、便秘、眩晕、嗜睡和头痛等,而限制了其使用[4-6]。他喷他多速释剂(Tap IR)是一种新型的中枢型镇痛药物,其镇痛效果与阿片类药物相似,但不良反应更少[7]。有研究显示,Tap IR用于拇囊炎术后中重度急性疼痛的镇痛效果与羟考酮速释剂(Oxy IR)相似,且胃肠道不良反应发生率更低[7]。但也有研究者对Tap IR的有效性和安全性提出了不同的看法[8-9]。为此,本研究采用Meta分析系统评价了Tap IR用于缓解拇囊炎术后中重度急性疼痛的有效性与安全性,以期为临床合理用药提供循证参考。
1 资料与方法
1.1 纳入与排除标准
1.1.1 研究类型 国内外公开发表的随机对照试验(RCT)及美国临床试验网注册的临床试验;语种限定为中文和英文。
1.1.2 研究对象 拇囊炎术后经疼痛数字评分法(NRS)测定为中重度疼痛的患者;各组例数≥10例;患者年龄≥16岁,性别、种族不限。
1.1.3 干预措施 试验组患者给予Tap IR(50或75或100 mg);对照组患者给予Oxy IR(10或15 mg)或安慰剂。
1.1.4 结局指标 ① 48 h疼痛缓解总值(TOTPAR48);②补救药物使用率(URM);③48 h疼痛强度差总值(SPID48);④患者总体疼痛印象改变值(PGIC);⑤不良反应。
1.1.5 排除标准 ①未采用盲法随机分配的文献;②非临床试验;③综述、会议报道;④使用剂量为非固定剂量,数据不完整的研究。
1.2 文献检索策略
计算机检索PubMed、Medline、Cochrane图书馆、中国知网数据库、维普数据库、万方数据库、美国临床试验网数据库。中文检索词为“他喷他多”“速释剂”“整形”“拇指外翻”“拇囊炎”“疼痛”;英文检索词为“Tapenta- dol”“Immediate release”“Orthopedic”“Hallux valgus”“Bunionectomy”“Pain”。检索时限均为各数据库建库起至2018年5月。采用主题词与自由词相结合的检索方式,同时手工检索纳入文献的参考文献。
1.3 文献筛选与数据提取
由两位研究者按照纳入与排除标准独立筛选文献并交叉核对,若遇分歧则由第三位研究者协助裁定。提取的数据包括第一作者、发表年份、患者例数、患者年龄、干预措施、结局指标等。
1.4 文献质量评价
采用改良Jadad量表对纳入研究进行质量评价,具体包括:随机序列的产生(恰当2分,不清楚1分,不恰当0分)、随机化隐藏(恰当2分,不清楚1分,不恰当0分)、是否盲法(恰当2分,不清楚1分,不恰当0分)、撤出或退出(描述1分、未描述0分);总分为7分,0~3分为低质量研究,4~7分为高质量研究[10]。
1.5 统计学方法
采用Rev Man 5.2软件进行Meta分析。二分类变量以相对危险度(RR)及其95%置信区间(CI)表示;连续型变量以均数差(MD)及其95%CI表示。采用χ 2检验或I 2对研究结果进行异质性检验。若各研究间无统计学异质性(P>0.10,I 2≤50%),则采用固定效应模型进行分析;反之,则采用随机效应模型进行分析。采用倒漏斗图评价发表偏倚。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 文献检索结果与纳入研究基本信息
初检得到相关文献178篇,排除重复发表、综述、会议文献、非RCT文献后,最终纳入6篇文献[8-9,11-14],共计2 378例患者,其中试验组1 419例,对照组959例。文献筛选流程见图1;纳入研究基本信息见表1。
2.2 纳入研究质量评价结果
6项研究[8-9,11-14]均为RCT,均提及随机化隐藏、双盲、撤出或退出试验的患者例数及原因;4项研究[9,11 ,13-14]未描述随机序列的产生;6项研究[8-9,11-14]均为高质量研究。纳入研究质量评价结果见表2。
2.3 Meta分析结果
2.3.1 TOTPAR48 6项研究[8-9,11-14]均报道了TOTPAR48,各研究间有统计学异质性(P<0.000 01,I 2=85%),采用随机效应模型进行Meta 分析。Meta 分析结果显示,试验组患者TOTPAR48显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义[MD=35.60,95%CI(27.31,43.88),P<0.000 01],详见表3。
3 讨论
他喷他多为一种双重机制的镇痛药物,具有μ受体激动作用和去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制作用,因此在用于缓解拇囊炎术后急性疼痛方面可能具有较好的有效性和安全性[15]。本研究对Tap IR用于缓解拇囊炎术后急性中重度疼痛的RCT进行系统评价,以分析该药的临床作用,同时尝试得出其用于缓解拇囊炎术后中重度急性疼痛的最佳用药剂量。
本研究結果显示,Tap IR用于缓解拇囊炎术后急性中重度疼痛具有较好的镇痛效果,且Tap IR 75、100 mg能达到与Oxy IR相似的镇痛效果。安全性方面,与Oxy IR相比,Tap IR 50 mg在消化系统耐受性方面具有显著优势,而Tap IR 75 mg在部分消化系统耐受性方面具有显著优势;但在神经系统耐受性方面3种剂量的Tap IR均无显著性优势,且以Tap IR 100 mg耐受性较差,提示Tap IR 75 mg可能是用于缓解拇囊炎术后急性中重度疼痛的最佳用药剂量,同时提示在使用该药前需对患者神经系统疾病进行评估。
本研究局限性:(1)纳入文献虽然均为高质量文献,但各研究中患者组间例数存在较大差异,且样本量较小,可能会具有一定的发表偏倚风险;(2)纳入的研究均为外文文献,纳入的患者基线资料可能与国内患者存在差异。因此,本文所得结论有待大样本、高质量RCT进一步验证。
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(收稿日期:2018-08-27 修回日期:2019-02-20)
(編辑:陈 宏)