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长难句分析有诀窍

2019-05-27林枫

新世纪智能(英语备考) 2019年2期
关键词:动名词主句谓语

◆林枫

在前面的12月刊,我们了解了长难句是怎么来的,那么长难句的分析有没有诀窍呢?当然有。这一期,我们就对长难句分析的诀窍做一个探讨。

1.主语必不可少

英语的五种基本句式都包含了主语。主语作为全句述说的中心,是不可或缺的,除了祈使句和非正式的口语,我们很少看到没有主语的句子,所以分析句子时,我们应该首先找到句子的主语。

前面说了,主语是全句述说的对象,但语法书上的这个概念有点太抽象,我们可以简单归纳为:肯定句中放在谓语动词前面的独立的名词、代词或相当于名词的词组即为主语;疑问句中则是紧跟在助动词后面的那个独立的名词、代词或相当于名词的词组。所谓独立,指的是这个名词性的词没有做别的词的宾语。如:

He,as well as his pals, attended a hilarious party last night.

(他和他的小伙伴们昨晚参加了一个欢脱的晚会。)

这里he是个独立的代词,而his pals做了as well as的宾语,就属于非独立的名词性短语,所以he是主语。

Competition from investers, developers, and established large farmers makes owning one’s own land unattainable for many new farmers.

(来自投资者、研发者和实力雄厚的大农场主的竞争使很多新农民很难拥有自己的土地。)

理解这个句子,找准主语很重要,谓语动词makes前面有很多名词,到底哪个才是主语呢?investers,developers 和large farmers前面有介词from,它们是做from的宾语的,所以不是主语,而是定语,修饰真正的主语competition。同时,这里用了动名词短语owning one’s own land做make的宾语,动名词短语相当于名词,所以可以充当主语、宾语和表语。

2.谓语也重要

一个句子中,谓语也是极其重要的,一般除了承前省略的情况(如:—I hope to see you again, Miss.—And I you.),句子也是应该有谓语的,所以分析句子的第二步就是找句子的谓语。找谓语其实就是找动词,动词很好找是不是?但是一定要注意判断这个动词是否体现了谓语特征,即是否体现了完整的时态、语态、人称和数的变化。如果可没有体现这些特征,那这个动词就不是谓语动词。如:

①She continued to watch me eat it, obviously amused by the way each bite was accompanied by moans of delight.

(她继续看着我吃,很明显被我每吃一口都高兴得哼哼的样子逗乐了。)

这个句子中,continued体现了时态的变化,所以是谓语动词;amused如果做谓语的话,应该用被动语态was amused,没有这个完整的被动语态,就只能是分词短语。

②Concerns over weak demand for the new iPhone 8 sent Apple shares down by the most in two months on Thursday, shaving $23bn off the tech giant’s market value.

(对新款iPhone 8市场需求比较弱的担忧使苹果的股票在星期二出现了两个月以来的最大降幅,使这个科技巨头的市场估值缩水230亿美元。)

这个句子中,sent体现了一般现在时,shaving则只能是分词。

③A generation of children risked growing up worried about their appearance and image as a result of the unrealistic lifestyles they follow on platforms.

(受网络平台上流行的脱离现实的生活方式影响,整整一代的孩子在成长过程中面临过度在意外貌和形象的风险。)

这个句子有三个动词,risked, worried和follow,follow可以轻松判断是从句的谓语,但是risked和worried哪个是主句的谓语呢?是risked,因为worried如果做谓语的话,应该用被动语态were worried的形式。

3.成分先后各有序

最初的古英语其实对词语的顺序没有严格要求,但是随着语言中屈折变化、拼写变化减少,词语和句子成分在句子中逐渐有了相对固定的位置,词语的顺序开始变得重要。比较五种基本句型,我们发现除了疑问句和某些倒装句型,肯定句中,主语在前,谓语在后;谓语后面则是宾语或表语,宾补放在宾语之后;定语有前置和后置两种位置;而状语则位置比较灵活,放在句首、句中或句尾都可以。如:

She said social media fi rms were exposing children to major emotional risks.

(她说社交平台公司正使孩子们暴露在一些严重的情感风险之中。)

这里she为主语,后面said是谓语,再往后便是宾语从句了,宾语从句的成分也可以按照这个方法来分析。

4.小单位的组成成分先完整

这个是什么意思呢?我们以从句为例来解释一下。如果我们发现句中有从句,那么从从句开始的地方,一直往后看,要看到从句的句子结构和意思都完整了,才是从句结束的地方,而后面的内容才能是主句的其他成分。如:

In the following unrest, the communities that had helped marriages in time of diffi culty broke down.

in the time of diffi culty的意思是从句需要的,所以还是从句的内容。

至于怎么判断句子是否包含从句,其实就更简单了,看到that, which, when, what等引导词就知道了,它们就是从句的标志啊。又如:

The child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greatly intellectual development.

这个句子包含了三重从句:who引导的定语从句修饰the child,where引导的定语修饰environment,which引导的定语从句修饰stimuli。根据最小的一层从句的需要,which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses都是这一层从句的内容,然后再完整where there are many stimuli...responses这一层从句的内容,然后再完整who is raised...responses这一层从句的内容,最后剩下的will experience...才是主句的成分。

了解了上面这些诀窍,我们试着来分析下面这些句子。

Though she had demonstrated shrewd business acumen by retaining the copyright of her later novels, Austen’s family began recasting her as a modest lady who wrote for pleasure.

理解这个句子的诀窍在于根据成分顺序找主干。though提示这是一个主从复合句,前面是从句,后面是主句。

先看从句,主语是she,主语后面是谓语demonstrated,谓语后面是宾语acumen,这个名词有两个定语——形容词shrewd和名词business,后面by retaining the copyright of her later novels为“介词+动名词短语”的介词结构,做方式状语。

再看主句,最前面是主语family,然后是谓语began,然后是动名词短语recasting her as a modest lady做宾语,后面who wrote for pleasure是定语从句,修饰a modest lady。

I declare after all there is no enjoyment like reading! How much sooner one tires of anything than of a book! When I have a house of my own, I shall be miserable if I have not an excellent library.(Pride and Prejudice)

理解第二个句子的关键在于要看出来than做连词连接了两个并列的of结构。How much sooner one tires of anything than of a book!是个感叹句,陈述句的话应该是:One tires of anything sooner than of a book.句中than引导了两个of结构进行比较。

Facts or opinions which are to pass through the hands of so many, to be misconceived by folly in one, and ignorance in another, can hardly have much truth left.(Persuasion)

这个句子理解的难度在于主语和谓语之间加上了一长串修饰成分。最前面facts or opinions是连个并列的名词,可以做主语。后面which提示这里插入了一个从句,which后面有are to pass through,可以做谓语,但是做从句的谓语,再往后面看,to be misconceived是非谓语动词,不能做谓语,一直往后看,逗号后面才看到动词can hardly have做主句的谓语,后面truth做主句宾语,left做宾补。

The room in which the boys were fed was a large stone hall, with a copper at one end, out of which the master, dressed in an apron for the purpose, and assisted by one or two women, ladled the gruel at mealtimes.(状语)(Oliver Twist)

这个句子的难点在于包含了不好好做谓语的动词。dressed和assisted没有体现语态特征,只能是分词,做谓语的是系动词was,后面接了a large stone hall做表语。

这里的主句是the room was a large stone hall,in which the boys were fed是定语从句,后面

out of which the master, dressed in an apron for the purpose, and assisted by one or two women, ladled the gruel at mealtimes.也是个定语从句,从句中the master是主语,ladled是谓语,the gruel是宾语。dressed in an apron for the purpose, and assisted by one or two women没有用was,不是完整的被动语态,只能是过去分词短语做伴随状语。

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