唢呐与吉它的共鸣
2019-04-19郭闻
郭闻
韶光正好,意气风发
20多年前,浙江杭州曙光路上有一座四层苏式筒子楼。
像那个年代的许多筒子楼一样,傍晚的时候,走廊上便会弥漫着饭菜的香味;但不一样的是,两边小房间里时不时地会传出男女美声、琴箫筝鼓的天籁之音,穿行在人间的烟火气间。
这是一座年轻的楼,富有着青春的美妙气息。你时不时地会看见,有着长腿天然美颜的妹子,一个高抬腿绷着脚尖就从三四级台阶上跨了下来;又或者,一位剑眉星目的小哥,穿着一袭白衫,唱着“咪咪咪嘛嘛嘛”从昏暗的楼道里穿过。
这是浙江歌舞团的宿舍楼。
我就是在这儿认识的音乐家杜竹松。彼时,我们正是青春年少,意气风发。我跟着他学笛箫,想为业余生活增些乐趣;他则是浙江歌舞团民乐团的唢呐演奏员,空闲时候帮人作曲。很多年后我才知道,他是上海音乐学院唢呐、民族作曲双专业毕业,而且是民乐系的第一位双专业毕業生。作曲也正是他的拿手好戏,直至如今还时常为影视剧配乐,比如为电影《初夏日记》、22集电视连续剧《九姓渔民》等多部影视剧创作了主题曲及背景音乐。
他曾经很自豪地指着一台合成器告诉我,这差不多是杭州最先进的东西了,作曲的时候可以省不少事,关键是它可以模拟出许多电子乐。那会儿的电脑,还在跑着英特尔公司的奔腾586,除了能处理一些文稿和简单的上网外,也干不了更多的事,很多人对于利用电脑软件来作曲,觉得不太实用。但是杜竹松早早便自己配齐了这些设备,并且说:我觉得这玩意儿有大前途,以后它肯定是个发展趋势。事实已不需证明。
年轻人住集体宿舍,聚在一块儿,难免会一起玩耍,打麻将、串门聊天以及泡酒吧是经常性的娱乐活动。但是我从来没有看到杜竹松去打麻将,看见他的时候,不是在教学生吹笛子、弹吉他,就是在作曲。“我不玩这个,也没时间。”他说。他的时间表总是排得很满,除了团里的演出、出访,他要教学生、与音乐人交流,还有许多作曲的邀约。
有韧劲的音乐家
在对音乐的追逐上,杜竹松有着一股韧劲。从他踏上音乐之路的那一刻起,便是如此。
杜竹松自幼受外公的影响,在父亲的指导下学习笛子,后师从笛子演奏大师赵松庭学习竹笛,向宋景廉老师学习洞箫。但是有一日,赵老师对他说,你可以试试唢呐,这是一门相对冷门的乐器。刚开始,杜竹松并不是很乐意,觉得唢呐声音太响,吵吵闹闹,没有笛子那么悠扬,可是真正摸上唢呐以后,他却显露出了顽强的韧劲。长时间练习磨破嘴之类的事只是寻常,从此他在这条路上奋勇向前,并先后得到了著名唢呐、管子演奏家任同祥、胡海泉、刘英、刘炳辰、陈家齐、胡志厚等名师的指点,闯出了偌大名头。他在国内、国际比赛频频获得大奖,直至现在已成为唢呐演奏高手,浙江音乐学院的教授、国家一级演奏员,中国唢呐专业委员会常务理事等。
去年2月24日晚,美国首届墨菲斯堡中国艺术节上,杜竹松首次与交响乐团合作。他用唢呐演奏了《百鸟朝凤》,在MTSU交响乐团小提琴、长笛的映衬下,唢呐声化作声声鸟语,布谷、喜鹊、画眉……各种鸟儿对话响彻音乐厅。为了吹好这支唢呐经典曲,杜竹松常常去杭州的山上学“鸟语”,听不同鸟儿在不同情绪下的鸣叫声,吵架时怎么叫,聊天时怎么叫,求偶时怎么叫……
这首《百鸟朝凤》是杜竹松的老师唢呐名家任同祥于1953年创编的。杜竹松说他吹出来的乐声就与老师吹出的乐声不同,因为他们观察到的鸟语是不一样的。任同祥是山东人,他创编这首曲子的时候,吸纳的是北方各种鸟儿的叫声,而他则是观察了20年杭州山林间的鸟儿。
杜竹松总是在不断地挑战自我,尝试各种新领域及新技法。20年前便已见端倪。
有一天去学习,刚进门,他便拿出一根儿臂粗短的黄竹管,告诉我这叫“尺八”。曾是中国隋唐时期的宫庭乐器,后来逐渐失传。但是它却随着日本遣唐使在日本扎根下来,并成为日本佛教音乐配乐的重要乐器。这次日本的一个乐团来杭州交流,便带来了尺八,并问是否有人会吹奏。可惜的是,当时整个杭州都几乎没人见过这种乐器,更遑论吹奏。更甚的是,因为尺八远比笛子和箫粗,吹奏需要的肺活量更是加倍,许多人连音都不一定能够吹出。年轻气盛的杜竹松很不服气,心想,中国民乐中吹管的乐理和技法都是相通的,怎么就不能吹出音乐呢?没几天,他便摸索出了尺八的吹奏方法。时至今日,尺八已成为他的管乐教学中的组成部分。2017年,他在应邀赴日本参加中日邦交正常化45周年日中友好交流音乐会时,还专程拜访了日本著名尺八演奏家矢野司空法师,并向他学习了尺八的演奏技巧。
这种韧劲支持着杜竹松不断地迈向新的领域,不断地学习,不断地创新,不断地拓展,他就像一台电脑CPU一样,不断地更新着他的音乐技能,且样样精通。
而此时的我,早已因为不能坚持而放弃了乐器,遥望着他的背影渐渐远去……再次听见杜竹松的消息时,他已成为音乐界大咖,那一连串的头衔无不在彰显着这20多年来,他在音乐道路上的进取和努力。除了唢呐专业职务,他还是浙江音乐学院教授、硕士生导师,古典吉他演奏家、作曲指挥家、教育部学位中心评审专家、中国葫芦丝、巴乌专业委员会会长……
不安分的教授
在追逐音乐上,杜竹松同样很“不安份”,这体现在他对音乐文化的理解和行动上。
早在上海音乐学院求学时期,他便在不断地进行着音乐的跨界尝试。临近毕业时,当时的音乐学院想组建古典吉他专业,因杜竹松早在上世纪80年代初就学弹吉他,并曾在国内的比赛中获得大奖,院长便对他说“要不你去试试吧”,就把他派往了中央音乐学院师从著名古典吉他教育家陈志教授学习吉他。此后,古典吉他这一专业便与唢呐一起,成为杜竹松融合东西方音乐的一个有效载体。
在学习之初,也许杜竹松并没有意识到,唢呐与吉他会是他今后推开世界音乐交流大门的重要载体,但是在他的音乐风格形成及成熟的道路上,这两样有着东西方音乐鲜明风格的乐器,确实起到了极为重要的作用。
2006年,杜竹松应邀赴美国纽约参加联合国成立61周年庆典音乐会,这是一次对他来说非常重要的音乐交流之旅,从此,他开始走上了中西方音乐文化交流的道路。这次演出,他被联合国陈健副秘书长等官员称赞为:传播中国传统文化的友好使者。随之,他在美国斯坦福、普林斯顿、哥伦比亚等十多所著名大学作了巡回演出;2013年,受邀在西班牙塞万提斯图书馆举办了《古典吉他:联结中西的琴音》中国风格吉他作品讲座。
在浙江歌舞团从事演奏多年后,他觉得需要在理论上对音乐实践做个总结,于是在2003年又考入上海音乐学院研究生班學习理论和作曲指挥。先后师从于著名作曲家、指挥家何占豪、夏飞云、王永吉、阎惠昌等教授。毕业后,2009年,作为高级人才被引进到杭州师范大学音乐学院担任器乐系学科带头人、系主任。当老师,他也当得很棒,去了没多久,马上组建了杭州师范大学音乐学院民族乐团并担任艺术总监、首席指挥,并在2011年带队指挥乐团参加浙江省大学生艺术节获得了第一名,他本人也获得了优秀指导老师证书。2012年又带队、指挥乐团参加全国大学生艺术展演获得了第一名,他本人也获得了优秀指导老师证书。
在浙江音乐学院成立后,因院系调整,工作的需要,他在承担浙江音乐学院国乐系唢呐和流行系古典吉他教学的同时,还担任了流行音乐系筹备组组长、创业学院筹备组组长等职务。在这几个岗位上,他开始从更高的层面来思考中国民乐和流行音乐的未来发展之路,思考东西方音乐的深层次交流,并逐渐形成了自己的音乐史观:音乐是不可割裂的,全世界的音乐都是相通的,只不过各自有着特点。中国民乐和流行音乐必须走出去,寻找与西方音乐的契合点,必须要融会贯通,才能在未来有更旺盛的生机和发展空间。
2017年至今,他到美国中田纳西州立大学中国音乐文化中心担任特聘教授,教授中国民乐。田纳西州是美国乡村音乐的中心、发源地,被称为美国的音乐之都。杜竹松是个音乐多面手,精通民乐中的所有管乐,在教学和演出中,各种乐器信手拈来。尤其在美国当地的音乐交流中,他总是特意地在一场演出中变换箫、笛、埙、唢呐、葫芦丝等多种乐器,尽可能多地展示中国民乐的风貌。同时,他也经常用吉他和美国音乐人进行交流、学习,这两年也专门学习了爵士乐的即兴演奏等能力。
在田纳西州他经常会被邀请参加各种各样的艺术节演出,他的一些老外学生就是这样被他的演出打动、折服,进而产生出学习中国民族乐器的念头。如今,他在音乐中心收了好几名学习中国民乐的外国学生。
杜竹松曾这样描述过他与交响乐团第一次合作。正是从唢呐和吉他两者身上,他深刻地认识到了东西方音乐的异同及各自特点,所以在与交响乐队的配合演奏时,他有意识地将唢呐的音色做了些改变,使之具有了西洋乐器里双簧管的某些特征;又因为他目前交流执教所在的田纳西是美国乡村音乐的发源地,在平时与当地音乐人的交往中,时刻在吸收着一些爵士乐的元素,因此,他与交响乐队的配合非常和谐顺利,整场演奏流畅轻快。在对外交流的过程中,这种改变和处理是必要而有效的,效果也非常好。
在接受美国中文电视台王牌栏目《纽约会客室》专访时,杜竹松谈到了民乐与西乐的关系,提出了新音乐形式推广的理念,概括为一句话便是:音乐重交融,文化走出去。
Du Zhusong: Music Talent in Cultural Exchanges
By Guo Wen
I first met Du Zhusong, then a Suona player of Zhejiang Song & Dance Ensemble, more than 20 years ago. Back then both of us were young. I was taking bamboo flute lessons from him. I regularly visited him at his dorm in a four-story dorm building on the site of the ensemble. It was many years later that I learned that he had graduated from Shanghai Conservatory of Music with two degrees: Suona and composition. He showed me a synthesizer in his dorm, saying proudly his synthesizer was probably the best in the city. He didnt play mahjong in his spare time. He taught private music lessons and he created new melodies. So far, he has written compositions for a few films and television dramas.
Du began to take lessons in bamboo flute and vertical flute when he was very young. The bamboo flute master Zhao Songting and the vertical flute master Song Jinglian taught him. One day, Master Zhao suggested he learn how to play Suona. The boy did not like Suona at first, thinking it was too loud and noisy. But once he got started, he could never stop. He became fascinated with the traditional trumpet-like musical instrument. Fortunately, he was able to study under the guidance of Chinas best Suona players of yesteryears such as Ren Tongxiang and Hu Haiquan. A winner of numerous national and international awards for his Suona playing over years, Du Zhusong is now a professor with Zhejiang Conservatory of Music, a class-one national musician, a director of a professional organization for Suona players.
On the evening of February 24, 2018, Du Zhusong performed , a Suona masterpiece, at the first Murfreesboro Festival of Chinese Arts, in partnership with the MTSU symphony orchestra. The piece was composed by the Suona master Ren Tongxiang in 1953. Though a student of Ren Tongxiang, Du Zhusong created his own variation on the original masterpiece with regional characteristics. Ren, a native of Shandong, composed with his knowledge of the birds in his home province, whereas Du, a native of Zhejiang, has listened to birds chirping and warbling in the woods around the West Lake in Hangzhou for over 20 years.
A musical virtuoso, Du began to reach out in his college days. While a student of Shanghai Conservatory of Music, he was sent to Beijing to study classical guitar under the guidance of Chen Zhi, a celebrated guitar master in China. He was sent there for two reasons: he had played the classical guitar at his spare time and the Shanghai Conservatory of Music planned to set up an undergraduate classical guitar course. While studying guitar in Beijing, he did not realize that Suona and guitar, one eastern and one western, would open a door for him to the outside world.
He made his international debut in 2006 at a concert in commemoration of the 61st anniversary of the founding of the United Nations in New York. After the concert, he performed at more than 10 universities in the United States including Stanford, Princeton, and Columbia. In 2013, he gave a lecture on the classical guitar in Chinese style at Miguel de Cervantes Library in Spain. He suggested in the lecture that the classical guitar is a musical instrument that bridges the east and the west.
The year 2017 saw him work as a professor at the MTSU Center for Chinese Music and Culture where he teaches Chinese music. The Middle Tennessee State University is in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, which is the center of country music of the USA. As Du Zhusong plays all kinds of traditional Chinese pipe instruments, he is often invited to perform at various musical events. While working together with local musicians, he learns a lot about music, about the west and the east, about people, and about cultural exchanges. He has learned how to improvise from Jazz musicians. His performances have attracted some Americans to study at the MTSU center at his guidance.
His partnership with the MTSU orchestra has given him a deep insight into the similarities and differences in western and Chinese music. In order to work best with the orchestra, he made some adjustments so that Suona imitated clarinet now and then. With the experience of local music, he worked smoothly with the orchestra.
In a talk show at in October 2018 with SinoVision, which is a US-based Chinese television network, Du Zhusong talked about his understanding of the relationship between traditional Chinese music and western music, saying music results essentially from exchanges and fusion; culture thrives through openness.
as China Academy of Art and Zhejiang Conservatory of Music in close neighborhood.