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试探英语作文范文中的一些动词混淆用法

2019-03-21顾祖良

常熟理工学院学报 2019年3期
关键词:及物动词例句范文

顾祖良

(常熟理工学院 外国语学院,江苏 常熟 215500)

一、 引言

在全国性的英语考试中,写作部分分值往往比较高。为了提高考生的英语写作水平,帮助其在考试中获得写作部分的高分,最近几年,大量英语作文范文类书籍面世。不过,在一些作文范文中,存在着许许多多的词汇和语法方面的错误,其中动词混淆用法比较突出。如由谢忠明主编,中国对外翻译出版公司于2004年出版的《大学英语四级考试核心笔记》(以下简称《核心笔记》);何钢主编,群言出版社于2008年出版的《考研英语写作范文100篇》(以下简称《范文100篇》);毛永贵主编,吉林出版集团有限责任公司于2010年出版《大学英语四级考试写作高分特训》(以下简称《写作高分特训》);伍乐其主编,世界音像电子出版社于2013年出版的《2014淘金英语专业8级写作范文背诵100篇》(以下简称《范文背诵100篇》);张艳莉、潘鸣威主编,大连理工大学出版社于2012年出版的《英语专业四级写作》(以下简称《四级写作》;方振宇主编,海豚出版社于2013年出版的《英语6级写作100篇+50篇汉译英短文》(以下简称《6级写作100篇》;石雷鹏编著,中央广播电视大学出版社于2014年出版的《新东方名师大学英语四级写作》(以下简称《英语四级写作》);潘晓燕主编,世图音像电子出版社于2013年出版的《淘金式优化冲刺CET-4新题型预测》(以下简称《新题型预测》) 及汕头大学出版社于2010年出版的《命题改革与预测试卷:听力强化版——大学英语4级考试》(以下简称《英语4级考试》)等,笔者经过认真研读,发现其中动词混淆用法的现象比较普遍。本文举出一些实例,纠正其错误,供广大读者参考。

二、 动词句型错误

(一)动词prohibit 和forbid的混淆用法

在《核心笔记》第86页上,有以下一例:

However, they are still prohibited to drive their cars into College Campus, which, I think, is a hard truth in the eyes of many people.

原例句中的动词prohibit用法有误。按英语的表达习惯,prohibit 不可用于prohibit sb. to do sth.的句型中,要用prohibit sb. from doing sth.。例如:

(1)The price prohibited us from buying it. 这东西价格太高,我们买不起。[1]1394

(2)We are prohibited from drinking alcohol during working hours. 工作时间内我们不得喝酒。[1]1394

(3)Soviet citizens were prohibited from travelling abroad. 苏联时代的公民被禁止出国旅游。[2]1374

而动词forbid则常用于forbid sb. to do sth.的句型中, 另外,在现代英语中也可用forbid sb. from doing sth.。例如:

(4)I forbid you to tell anyone. 我不准你告诉任何人。[1]668

(5)You are forbidden to leave. 你们都不准离开。[2]681

(6)The union is forbidden from striking. 工会被禁止罢工。[3]563

(7)Civilians are strictly forbidden from entering that area. 严禁平民进入那地区。[4]727

从上述实例中,我们可以看出, 英语中不说prohibit sb. to do sth.。因此,《核心笔记》例句宜改为:However, they are still prohibited from driving their cars into College Campus, which, I think, is a hard truth in the eyes of many people. 也可改为:However, they are still forbidden to drive /forbidden from driving their cars into College Campus, which,I think, is a hard truth in the eyes of many people.

(二)动词ensure和assure的混淆用法

在《范文100篇》第141页上,有以下一例:

They are ensured not only of a bright future but also a sound intellectual and mental foundation, and hence a healthy life.

在《范文背诵100篇》第69页上, 有以下一例:

The combined endeavors of each individual will assure us a phenomenal success in environmental protection.

另外,在《写作高分特训》第137页上,也有以下一例:

You think you are knowledgeable; on the contrary, I assure that you are very ignorant.

以上各例中的动词ensure和assure用法有误。按照英语的表达习惯,动词ensure作“保证”解,不用于ensure sb. of sth.的句型。ensure 常见于ensure sth., ensure doing sth., ensure sb. sth., ensure sb.against/from sth., ensure that等句型。例如:

(8)All the necessary steps had been taken to ensure their safety. 所有必要的措施都已采取来保证他们的安全。[3]473

(9)Come early to ensure getting a good seat.早点来确保有个好座位。[5]187

(10)The medicine will ensure you a good night’s sleep. 这药保证让能让你睡一夜好觉。[2]568

(11)We should ensure workers against accidents. 我们应保护工人不出事故。[6]559

(12)The arrangements will ensure each side from attack by the other. 这些安排将使各方免遭对方的袭击。[4]617

(13)His help ensured our success/ensured that we were successful. 他的帮助保证了我们的成功。[7]980

而动词 assure作“确保;保证”解,可用于assure sb. of sth, assure sb. that-clause 以及 assure sth.的句型中。例如:

(14)He assured us of his ability to solve the problem. 他向我们保证他有能力解决这问题。[1]85

(15)Our clients are assured of an enjoyable and trouble-free holiday. 我们的顾客得到保证,一定能度过一个愉快而无忧无虑德假期。[1]85

(16)The doctor assured her that he would do his best to save the child’s life. 医生向她保证,他会尽力救她孩子的生命。[8]1039

(17)The airline has assured travellers (that)there will be no further delays. 航空公司向旅客们保证,不会再有延误了。[9]594

(18)One more attempt will assure the success of your work. 再一次尝试将保证你工作的成功。[5]35

(19)I checked over and over again to assure accuracy. 我反复核对以确保准确无误。[4]105

从上述实例中,我们可以看出,在英语中,动词ensure 和assure 各自用于不同的句型中,两者不可混用。因此,《范文100篇》《范文背诵100篇》《写作高分特训》的例句宜分别改为:①They are assured not only of a bright future but also a sound intellectual and mental foundation, and hence a healthy life. ②The combined endeavors of each individual will assure us of a phenomenal success in environmental protection. 也可改为:The combined endeavors of each individual will ensure our phenomenal success in environmental protection.③You think you are knowledgeable; on the contrary, I assure you that you are very ignorant. 也可改为:You think you are knowledgeable; on the contrary, I ensure that you are very ignorant.

(三)动词award和reward的混淆用法

在《四级写作》第59页上,有以下一例:

But they are awarded with fame and great honors and thus become nationwide well-known.

原句中的动词award用法有误。按英语的表达习惯,要表达“获…报酬;报答”,可用动词reward sb. with sth.的句型中, 而不用 award sb. with sth.,后者在英语中无此说法。例如:

(20)She was rewarded for her efforts with a cash bonus.她因自己所做的努力而得到一笔奖金。[2]1491

(21)She started singing to the baby and was rewarded with a smile. 她开始给孩子唱歌,孩子则抱一微笑。[2]1491

(22)We had a strenuous climb, but we were rewarded with a splendid view. 虽然我们爬山很艰苦,但美丽的景色却使我们一饱眼福。[10]1426

(23)They awarded her a medal for bravery. 她表现勇敢,他们授予她奖章。[6]96

(24)A medal was awarded to the best speller in the class. 给班级里拼写最好的学生颁发一枚奖章。[10]118

因此,《四级写作》例句宜改为:But they are rewarded with fame and great honors and thus become nationwide well-known

三、 动词搭配错误

(一)动词contribute、attribute 和owe的混淆用法

在《6级写作100篇》第44页上,有以下一例:

Besides, China’s rapid economic growth and especially its entry to the WTO attribute greatly to the fever.

在《范文背诵100篇》第97页上,有以下一句:

In short, the individuality-mindset and the abundance of job postings in China attribute to the job-hopping phenomenon amongst the Chinese youths.

在《英语四级写作》第150页上,有以下一句:

It is not difficult to deduce that the inexorable decline of wildlife largely attributes to the rapid population growth.

另外,在《英语四级写作》第154页上,还有以下一句:

It partly owes to China’s growth into one of world’s principal economics, and partly to the colorful and diversified components in the culture itself.

笔者认为上述例句中的attribute to和owe to均用得欠妥。根据动词attribute的搭配用法,attribute…to…作“把…归因于”解,attribute后跟“结果”to后跟“原因”。既可用主动语态,也可用被动语态,既可跟褒义词连用,也可跟贬义词连用。但不可直接使用attribute to。例如:

(25)She attributes her success to hard work and a little luck. 她认为她的成功来自勤劳和一点点运气。[2]94

(26)Doctors attributed his quick recovery to his physical fitness. 医生把他康复快的原因归结于他原本身体健康。[3]76

(27)Mr. Henry attributed his son’s failure to lack of persistence. 亨利先生认为他儿子的失败是由于缺乏恒心。[10]110

(28)They claim that one in twenty deaths can be directly attributed to air pollution. 他们声称每二十个死亡人中的一个可能直接跟空气污染有关。[11]45

(29)The fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally attributed to improvement in diet. 人们普遍认为心脏病死亡率下降的原因是饮食方面得到了改善。[12]71

(30)Air pollution has been partly attributed to cars.人们认为空气污染部分是由汽车造成的。[10]110

而 contribute to则作“有助于;促成;导致”解,根据其搭配用法,contribute的主语是“原因”,to后面跟“结果”。只用于主动语态中,既可跟褒义词连用,也可跟贬义词连用。例如:

(31)Plenty of fresh air contributes to good health. 大量的新鲜空气有助于身体健康。[5]116

(32)Air pollution contributes to respiratory diseases. 空气污染会引起呼吸道疾病。[4]400

(33)An increase in the price of drugs has contributed to the rising cost of medical care. 药品价格的上涨已导致医疗保健费用的上升。[8]186

(34)Medical negligence was said to have contributed to her death. 据说医务人员的玩忽职守是她死亡的原因之一。[2]365

根据动词owe的搭配用法, owe … to …作“把…归功于”解,owe后跟“结果”to后跟“原因”。只用于主动语态中,大都与含褒义词连用。但不可直接使用owe to。例如:

(35)He owes his success entirely to the Party.他把他的成功完全归功于党。[13]641

(36)She owes her success to good luck. 她把成功归结于运气好。[1]1257

(37)She owes her beauty to artificial assistance. 她的美全靠打扮。[10]1182

(38)She owes her progress to her courage,determination and perseverance. 她的进步是靠她的勇气、决心和毅力取得的。[14]576

从上述实例中,我们可以看出,attribute …to … ,contribute to 和 owe … to …各自有其不同的搭配用法。因此,《6级写作100篇》《范文背诵100篇》《英语四级写作》中例句应分别改为:① Besides, China’s rapid economic growth and especially its entry to the WTO contribute greatly to the fever. 也可改为:Besides, the fever is greatly attributed to China’s rapid economic growth and especially its entry to the WTO.② In short, the individuality-mindset and the abundance of job postings in China contribute to the job-hopping phenomenon amongst the Chinese youths. 也可改为: In short, the jobhopping phenomenon amongst the Chinese youths is attributed to the individuality-mindset and the abundance of job postings in China.③ It is not difficult to deduce that the inexorable decline of wildlife is largely attributed to the rapid population growth. 也可改为: It is not difficult to deduce that the rapid population growth largely contributes to the inexorable decline of wildlife. ④ It is partly attributed to China’s growth into one of world’s principal economics, and partly to the colorful and diversified components in the culture itself.

(二)动词arouse和arise的混淆用法

在《新题型预测》中,“Should Rewards for Doing A Good Deed be Promoted?”的作文范文里,有以下一句:

However, in recent years there has aroused a heated debated as to whether people should be rewarded for doing a good deed.

笔者认为,原句中动词arouse用法有误。根据动词arouse的搭配用法,arouse是及物动词,作“激起;引起”解,例如:

(39)Her strange behaviour aroused our suspicions.她的古怪行为引起了我们的怀疑。[2]77

(40)That book aroused my interest in fishing.那本书使我对钓鱼产生了兴趣。[7]1031

而在“There +动词(不及物动词)+主语 (名称主语)”的句式中, 动词要用不及物动词。例如:

(41)Once there lived an old man whose name was the Old Foolish of North Mountain. 从前有个老人,名字叫北山愚公。[13]782

(42)There always exists a force of attraction between two bodies. 两个物体之间永远存在着吸引力。[15]1459

(43)There remains nothing more to be done.再没有别的办法了。[15]1459

(44)Everything was silent and then there came a strange knocking at the door. 当时一片寂静,接着门口传来以下奇怪的敲门声。[1]1826

(45)Hence there has arisen the agrarian question. 因此,出现了土地问题。[16]4752

从上述实例中,我们可以看出,动词arouse是及物动词,作“激起;引起”解,不能用于“There +动词(不及物动词)+主语 (名称主语)”中。

因此,《新题型预测》中例句宜改为: However,in recent years there has arisen a heated debate as to whether people should be rewarded for doing a good deed. 根据动词arise 的搭配用法,arise作“发生;产生;出现”解,是不及物动词,可用于上述特定的句式中。

(三)动词refrain和restrain的混淆用法

在《范文背诵100篇》第126页上,有以下一例:

We should refrain ourselves from lying with malicious intents.

另外,在《大学英语4级考试》第116页上,也有以下一例:

The mother regretted that she had been so severe with her daughter; she should have restrained from losing her temper.

笔者认为以上原句均有误。在英语中,动词restrain和refrain 在搭配用法上是有区分的,尽管都可作“克制;阻止;禁止”解。

动词refrain用于refrain from doing sth.的结构中。例如:

(46)Kindly refrain from smoking. 请勿吸烟。[12]1189

(47)They could hardly refrain from weeping as they stood together. 当他们站在一起时,他们忍不住哭出声来。[6]1378

(48)He politely refrained from saying what he thought of her hat. 他很客气地克制自己,不说出他对她的帽子的意见。[17]1069

(49)He deliberately refrained from expressing his opinion on the matter. 他故意克制自己,不发表对那件事的观点。[11]634

而动词restrain则用于restrain sb./oneself/sth.from doing sth.的结构中。例如:

(50)We restrained the boy from jumping. 我们阻止男孩跳跃。[4]1688

(51)I tried to restrain him from going back into the burning building. 我企图阻止他回到已起火的楼房中去。[8]1022

(52)She had to restrain herself from crying out in pain.她只得忍住疼痛,不哭出来。[2]1482

(53)If you can’t restrain your dog (from biting people), you must lock it up. 你如果管不住你的狗(不让它咬人),那就得把它关起来。[1]1464

从上述实例中,我们可以看出,动词restrain和refrain在搭配用法上存在着差异,不宜混用。因此,《范文背诵100篇》《大学英语4级考试》中例句宜改为:①We should refrain from lying with malicious intents. 也可改为:We should restrain ourselves from lying with malicious intents. ②The mother regretted that she had been so severe with her daughter; she should have restrained herself from losing her temper.也可改为:The mother regretted that she had been so severe with her daughter; she should have refrained from losing her temper.

四、 动词混淆原因分析

以上相关动词的混淆用法,笔者认为是因对英语动词搭配用法的疏忽以及语内干扰造成的。

王文昌教授在其《英语搭配大词典》前言中明确指出,英语中的词语组合浩如烟海,可以将它们粗分成为封闭性(closed)和开放性(open)两大类。封闭性搭配是在长期使用过程中逐渐形成的习惯固定词组;开放性搭配是在千变万化的语言环境(linguistic context)中按照一定的语法结构和语义联系造就的灵活词语组合,可以无限生成。掌握符合习惯的英语词语搭配,有助于非英语民族的人克服因受自身民族语言文化的影响而产生的错误,避免不合习惯的类推,从而提高运用地道英语(idiomatic English)进行交际的能力。

语内干扰是由于学习者对目的语整个系统了解并不全面,根据已获得的目的语知识或经验,对该语言做出不正确的假设或过度概括,从而类推出偏离规则的结构。Richards将这类错误的起因归为以下三种:概括过度;忽略规则限制;不全面应用规则。[18]198-214

五、 结语

综上所述,我们不难发现,在某些英语作文范文中,确实存在着不少动词混淆用法的现象,使得相关的英语句子不规范,不地道。笔者认为,既然是作文范文,理应避免这方面的错误。否则,很有可能会误导读者。笔者指出上述动词错误用法,意在提醒读者注意相关动词的正确搭配用法,也同原作者商榷,在图书再版时,纠正相关的错误,让读者真正受益,提高英语写作水平。

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