纵横不出方圆 万变不离其宗——高考英语复习中巧用教材资源编制训练试题

新疆 孙锦榕

众所周知，高考一轮复习对所有备考学生至关重要，每个学生都希望通过一轮复习能够更进一步。可是，如何提高学生的复习效率？如何有效落实基础知识？如何能让学生在短短的几个月内熟练掌握《考试大纲》要求的3500个单词？又如何提升学生解答高考试题的能力？笔者在实践中总结——回归教材！高考命题的依据是《考试大纲》，而教材是《考试大纲》的载体，纵横不出方圆，万变不离其宗！笔者在研读《考试大纲》和《考试说明》的同时研究高考命题规律，巧妙使用教材资源编制训练试题，帮助学生提高学习效率。同时链接高考试题，让学生亲自参与训练试题的编制，在将编制试题与高考试题对比的过程中感悟高考试题，此方法收到了意想不到的复习效果。

一、巧用教材资源改编语法填空题

根据《考试说明》，语法填空题的文章在200 词左右，以记叙文和说明文为主。在选材上，无论是弘扬中国文化还是注重国际视野，无论是关注自然还是人文，从教材中我们总是可以捕捉到类似的富有正能量的文章。因此，在一轮复习的过程中教师就可以将符合这些特点的教材文章改编为语法填空题，并链接高考试题，让学生领悟改编试题的思路，体会高考语法填空题对动词时态和语态、主谓一致、非谓语动词、名词、代词、形容词、副词、冠词、介词以及定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句等基础知识的考查，从而找到解题技巧，攻克语法填空题。

【范例】Friendship(Book 1 Unit 1)

Do you want a friend 1 you could tell everything to,like your 2(deep)feelings and 3(thought)?Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh 4 you,or would not understand what you are going through?Anne Frank wanted the first kind,so she 5(make)her diary her best friend.Anne lived in Amsterdam in the Netherlands during World War Ⅱ. 6(she)family was Jewish so they hid away for nearly twenty-five months before they 7(discover).During that time the only true friend was her diary.She said,“I don’t want 8(set)down a series of facts in a diary as most people do,but I want this diary itself to be my friend,and I shall call my friend Kitty.”Now read 9 she felt after being in the 10(hide)place since July 1942.

【答案】

1.whom/who/that 2.deepest 3.thoughts 4.at 5.made 6.Her 7.were discovered 8.to set 9.how 10.hiding

【命题思路】

1.考查定语从句关系代词的用法。

2.考查形容词最高级的用法。

3.考查名词单复数的用法。

4.考查固定搭配中的介词。

5.考查动词过去时态的用法。

6.考查物主代词的用法。

7.考查动词语态的用法。

8.考查动词不定式作宾语的用法。

9.考查宾语从句引导词在从句中作表语的用法。

10.考查现在分词作定语的用法。

【高考链接】

（2017 年全国卷Ⅲ，语法填空）But Sarah, 64 has taken part in shows along with top models,wants 65(prove)that she has brains as well as beauty.

【答案】64.who，考查定语从句关系代词，与第1 题出题思路类似。65.to prove，考查不定式作宾语，与第8题出题思路相同。

（2018年全国卷Ⅲ，语法填空）He screams the 63(loud)of all.

【答案】loudest，考查形容词最高级，与第2 题出题思路相同。

（2018 年浙江卷，语法填空）Making Chinese 56(dish)is seen as especially troublesome.

【答案】dishes，考查名词单复数，与第3 题出题思路相同。

（2018 年全国卷Ⅱ，语法填空）...when the government 68(start)a soil-testing program that/which gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers...

【答案】started，考查动词过去时态，与第5 题出题思路相同。

（2018 年全国卷Ⅲ，语法填空）When the gorillas and I frightened each other,I was just glad to find 68(they)alive.

【答案】them，考查代词用法，与第6 题出题思路类似。

二、巧用教材资源改编短文改错题

根据《考试大纲》，该题型是一篇设有10 处错误的100 个单词左右的短文，错误类型包括词法、句法、行文逻辑，短文多为故事性的记叙文。这样的文章在教材中很容易找到。同时链接高考试题，让学生自己揣摩高考短文改错的出题点，从语篇入手，着眼动词时态和语态；从句子入手，逐句分析，推敲语法；从行文逻辑入手，兼顾上下，审查连词和代词，从而找到解题思路，提升解答短文改错试题的能力。

【范例】Journey Down the Mekong(Book 1 Unit 3)

My name is Wang Kun.Ever since middle school,my sister Wang Wei and I have dreamed taking a great bike trip.Two years before she bought an expensive mountain bike and then she persuade me to buy one.Last year,she visited our cousins,Dao Wei and Yu Hang at his college in the Kunming.They are Dai and grew up in western Yunnan Province near the Lancang River,the Chinese part of the river who is called the Mekong River in another countries.Wang Wei soon got them interesting in cycling too.After graduating from college,we final got the chance to taking a bike trip.

【答案及解析】

1.第二句，在dreamed 后加of 或about，考查固定搭配中的介词。

2.第三句，before 改为ago，考查副词的用法。persuade 改为persuaded，考查动词时态。

3.第四句，his 改为their，考查代词。the 删去，考查定冠词的用法。

4.第五句，who 改为that/which，考查定语从句关系代词的用法。another 改为other，考查形容词的用法。

5.第六句，interesting 改为interested，考查以-ed,-ing形式结尾的形容词的用法区别。

6.第七句，final 改为finally，考查形容词和副词的用法区别。taking 改为take，考查不定式作名词定语的用法。

【高考链接】

（2016 年全国卷Ⅰ，短文改错）My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time.

【答案】在dreams 后加of，与第二句出题思路类似。

（2018 年全国卷Ⅰ，短文改错）The first time I went there,they were living in a small house with dogs,ducks,and another animals.

【答案】another 改为other。与第五句出题思路相同。

（2018 年全国卷Ⅱ，短文改错）As a kid,I loved to watch cartoons,but no matter how many times I asked to watching them,my parents would not let me.

【答案】watching 改为watch,考查动词不定式的用法，与第七句出题思路相同。

三、巧用教材资源改编完形填空题

根据《考试大纲》，该题型是在一篇250 个单词左右的短文中设置20 个空格。文章体裁多为记叙文或夹叙夹议文，也可以是说明文。被设置的20 个空格重在考查实词，考查角度偏重语义关系和逻辑关系。在我们的教材中有很多适合改编为完形填空题的短文，有时稍加修改即可。通过改编试题，让学生明白：对于完形填空，出题老师是如何从句内层面、句组层面和语篇层面出题，又该如何理解这三个层面的出题点，从而找出解题的突破口。

【范例】The Road to Modern English(Book 1 Unit 2)

At the end of the 16th century,about five to seven million people spoke English.Nearly all of them lived in England.Later in the next century,people from England made voyages to 1 other parts of the world and because of that,English 2 to be spoken in many other 3 .Today,more people speak English as their first,second or a 4 language than ever before.Native English speakers can 5 each other even if they don’t speak the same kind of English. 6 this example:British Betty:Would you like to see my flat?American Amy:Yes.I’d like to come up to your 7 .So why has English changed over time? 8 all languages change and develop 9 cultures meet and communicate with each other. 10 the English spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150 was very 11 from the English spoken today.It was 12 more on German than the English we speak at present.Then 13 between about AD 800 and 1150,English became less like German because those who 14 England spoke first Danish and later French.These new settlers 15 the English language and especially its 16 .So by the 1600’s Shakespeare was able to make use of a 17 vocabulary than ever before.In 1620 some 18 settlers moved to America.Later in the 18th century some British people were 19 to Australia too.English began to be spoken in 20 countries.Finally by the 19th century the language was settled.

1.A.make B.conquer

C.fight D.tour

2.A.tended B.continued

C.began D.stopped

3.A.countries B.cities

C.counties D.villages

4.A.spoken B.written

C.foreign D.native

5.A.cherish B.meet

C.hear D.understand

6.A.Look for B.Look after

C.Look at D.Look around

7.A.university B.dormitory

C.department D.apartment

8.A.Actually B.Absolutely

C.Frequently D.Exactly

9.A.what B.when

C.that D.since

10.A.At last B.At most

C.At first D.At least

11.A.apparent B.evident

C.opposite D.different

12.A.based B.paid

C.focused D.concentrated

13.A.quickly B.officially

C.gradually D.constantly

14.A.helped B.ruled

C.invaded D.developed

15.A.invented B.created

C.discovered D.enriched

16.A.vocabulary B.sentences

C.phrases D.language

17.A.narrower B.wider

C.bigger D.smaller

18.A.German B.British

C.French D.Danish

19.A.changed B.turned

C.settled D.taken

20.A.both B.all

C.neither D.none

【答案】1-5 BCACD 6-10 CDABC

11-15 DACBD 16-20 ABBDA

【命题思路】

1.句内层面的题：3、4、5、6、9、11、12、13、16

2.句组层面的题：2、7、8、10、18、20

3.语篇层面的题：1、14、15、17、19

从命题思路悟出如何从整篇文章的脉络入手排除干扰获得准确答案。

四、巧用教材资源改编“七选五”试题

研究近几年的高考试题我们发现：“七选五”试题是在一段300 词左右的短文中留出5 个空白，要求考生从所给的7 个选项中选出最佳选项，文章以说明文为主，内容贴近生活、贴近时代，题型以段中句为主，段首和段末句为辅。教师可以充分利用教材里符合条件的文章进行“七选五”试题改编。该题型主要考查考生对文章的整体内容、篇章结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。从语境、词汇、逻辑关系三个切入点入手，分析篇章结构，把握全篇文脉，总结归纳出主旨概括性句子、过渡性句子和注释性句子，从而抓住“七选五”出题技巧，轻松应对高考“七选五”试题。教师利用教材内容进行“七选五”试题改编的同时，让学生也亲历这一过程，包括另外两个干扰项的编造，让学生们在探寻解题奥秘的同时也乐在其中！

【范例】A Letter to an Architect(Book 7 Unit 1)

I read in the newspaper today that you are to be the architect for the new Bankstown cinema.I hope you will not mind me writing to ask if you have thought about the needs of disabled customers. 1 .

Adequate access for wheelchairs.It would be handy to have lifts to all parts of the cinema.The buttons in the lifts should be easy for a person in a wheelchair to reach,and the doors should be wide enough to enter.In some cinemas,the lifts are at the back of the cinema in cold,unattractive places.2,this makes them feel they are not as important as other customers.

Earphones for people who have trouble hearing. 3 .This would allow hearing-impaired customers to enjoy the company of their hearing friends rather than having to sit in a special area.

4 .People who are short cannot always see the screen.So I’d like to suggest that the seats at the back be placed higher than those at the front so that everyone can see the screen easily.Perhaps there could be a space at the end of each row for people in wheelchairs to sit next to their friends.

Toilets.For disabled customers it would be more convenient to place the toilets near the entrance to the cinema.It can be difficult if the only disabled toilet is in the basement a long way from where the film is showing.And if the doors could be opened outwards,disabled customers would be very happy.

Car parking.Of course,there are usually spaces specially reserved for disabled and elderly drivers. 5,it is easier for disabled people to get to film in comfort.

A.Free space

B.Raised seating

C.If the lifts are in the attractive places

D.As disabled people have to use the lifts

E.If they are close to the cinema entrance and/or exit

F.In particular I wonder if you have considered the following things

G.It would help to fit sets of earphones to all seats,not just to some of them

【答案】1.F 2.D 3.G 4.B 5.E

【命题思路】

1.过渡性句子，起承上启下的作用。

2.注释性句子，利用关键词lift 和半句解题。

3.注释性句子，利用关键词earphones 获得答案。

4.段落主旨句，概括标题句，利用关键词seating 解题。

5.注释性句子，利用半句解题。

【高考链接】

（2018 年全国卷Ⅱ，“七选五”）If you are already making the time to exercise,it is good indeed!With such busy lives,it can be hard to try and find the time to work out. 36 Working out in the morning provides additional benefits beyond being physically fit.

Your productivity is improved.Exercising makes you more awake and ready to handle whatever is ahead of you for the day. 37

Your metabolism(新陈代谢)gets a head start. 38 If you work out in the mornings,then you will be getting the calorie(卡路里)burning benefits for the whole day,not in your sleep.

39 Studies found that people who woke up early for exercise slept better than those who exercised in the evening.Exercise energizes you,so it is more difficult to relax and have a peaceful sleep when you are very excited.

40 If you work out bright and early in the morning,you will be more likely to stick to healthy food choices throughout the day.Who would want to ruin their good workout by eating junk food?You will want to continue to focus on positive choices.

There are a lot of benefits to working out,especially in the mornings.Set your alarm clock an hour early and push yourself to work out!You will feel energized all day long.

A.You will stick to your diet.

B.Your quality of sleep improves.

C.You prefer healthy food to fast food.

D.There is no reason you should exercise in the morning.

E.You can keep your head clear for 4-10 hours after exercise.

F.After you exercise,you continue to burn calories throughout the day.

G.If you are planning to do exercise regularly,or you’re doing it now,then listen up!

【答案】36.G 37.E 38.F 39.B 40.A

【命题思路】

36.过渡性句子，承上启下。

37.概况总结句，利用关键词clear 和awake 解题。

38.注释性句子，利用关键词calorie 解题。

39.段落主旨句，利用关键词sleep 解题。

40.段落主旨句，利用关键词diet 与food 这两个同义词解题。

通过链接这篇高考“七选五”试题，学生能发现它们篇章结构类似、出题思路类似，兴奋之余找到了解题技巧，何乐而不为呢？

改编试题是一种学习策略，能够帮助学生变被动学习为主动学习，变疲劳的题海战术为答题能力的提升，利用教材改编试题更是帮助学生在复习词汇、梳理知识要点的同时揣摩出命题老师的意图、找到解题的突破口，可谓是一举多得。正如《普通高中英语课程标准(2017 年版)》提到：发展学生运用学习策略的能力是提高学生学习能力的主要途径,是教学的重要内容,也是英语学科核心素养的重要组成部分。学习策略的培养可以帮助学生逐步形成适合自己的学习方式和方法，提高学生的自主学习能力，为学生可持续发展和终身学习奠定良好的基础。