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非谓语动词作主语和宾语

2018-12-01封全龙

广东教育·高中 2018年9期
关键词:句首动名词介词

封全龙

英语句子中,只能有一个谓语,包括并列谓语。如果一个句子中已经有了谓语,又出现一个或几个动词时,要么是并列谓语,要么是非谓语。非谓语动词有动词不定式、动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式三种形式。非谓语动词是每年高考的必考点, 同时也是考生学习的一个难点。本文将非谓语动词作主语或宾语的用法归纳如下:

一、作主语

1. 动词不定式作主语,指具体或未来的动作。

[例1]______(teach)you English is my job.

分析:位于句首作主语,表示具体的动作,用动词不定式更好,故填To teach。

2. 不定式作主语,通常用it作形式主语,将不定式后置。

[例2]Its important for the figures ______(update)regularly.

分析:因update 与the figures 为动宾关系,即:update the figures(更新数字),即the figures与 update为被动关系。又由 for the figures可知,空格处应该用不定式,因为通常是for sb to do sth,故填to be updated。

3. 动词-ing形式作主语,表示泛指或抽象的行为。

[例3]______(Travel)along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.

分析:位于句首作主语,泛指一般情况,用动名词短语更好,故填Traveling。

4. 动名词作主语,用it作形式主语仅限于少数句型。如:

[例4]It is great fun______(collect)stamps in my spare time.

分析:由固定句型 It is fun doing sth.可知,填collecting。

[例5]It is no good ______(play)computer games all day long.

分析:由固定句型 It is no good / use doing sth.可知,填 playing。

5. 在there be結构中只能用动名词形式

[例6]There is no______( joke)about such serious matters.

分析:由固定句型There is no doing sth可知,填 joking。

二、作宾语

1. 有些动词只能接不定式作宾语。如expect, hope, decide, refuse, manage, plan, pretend, threaten, wish等。

[例7]David threatened______( report)his neighbour to the police if the damages were not paid.

分析:由threaten to do sth(威胁要做某事)可知填to report。

[例8]His parents were so poor that they couldnt afford ______(send)him abroad for further study.

分析:由afford to do sth(担负得起)可知填to send。

2. 有些动词只能接动词-ing形式作宾语。如admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, enjoy, escape, miss, finish, imagine, practise, risk, suggest, advise, forbid, quit, feel like, give up等。

[例9]I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid ______(look)directly into his eyes so he doesnt feel challenged.

分析:由avoid doing sth(避免做某事)可知填looking。

[例10]I am very sorry I missed ______(see)you while in Shanghai.

分析:由miss doing sth可知填seeing。

[例11]Would you mind ______(open)the window?

分析:由mind doing sth可知填opening。

[例12]Lydia doesnt feel like______(study)abroad. Her parents are old.

分析:由feel like doing sth(想要做某事)可知填studying。

3. 当不定式作直接宾语,且后面还有宾语补足语时,通常把不定式放在补足语的后面,而用形式宾语it来代替它。

[例13]She thought it unnecessary______(argue)with him about the matter.

分析:由think it + adj. to do sth可知填 to argue。

[例14]My father made it a rule______(get)up early in the morning.

分析:由make it + n. +to do sth可知填 to get。

4. 作介词宾语,一般只能用动名词。

[例15]You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of ______(die)early by running.

分析:介词of之后用动名词做宾语,故填dying。

[例16]More interesting, there are hundreds of Canadians who are interested in ______(change)their name to Elizabeth Gallagher.

分析:介词in之后用动名词做宾语,故填changing。

[例17]I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes. (改错)

分析:介词by之后用动名词做宾语,故将wear改为wearing。

5. 有些动词后接动词不定式或动词-ing形式作宾语均可,两者意义差别不是很大。这类动词有begin, start, hate, like, love, continue, dislike等。

[例18]Working at weekend is something I hate______(do)most.

分析:由hate to do sth / doing sth(討厌做某事)可知,空格处填to do或doing均可,意义区别不大。

6. 有些动词后接动词不定式或动词-ing形式作宾语,区别很大。这类动词有forget, try, remember, mean, stop, regret, cant help等。

[例19]I didnt mean ______(eat)anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldnt help ______(try)it.

分析:根据句意“我本来没打算去吃任何东西,但是那个冰激凌看起来太好吃了,以至于我禁不住尝尝。”表示“打算做某事”是mean to do sth,表示“情不自禁地做某事”用cant help doing sth,故分别填to eat,trying。

[例20] I still remember ______(visit)a friend whod lived here for five years....

分析:句意是“我依然记得曾经拜访过一个朋友……”,表示“记得做过某事”用remember doing sth,故填visiting。

[例21] I Dont forget ______(bring)your dictionary next time you come here.

分析:由句意“下次来的时候,别忘了带上你的词典”可知,表示将来的动作,故填to bring。

责任编辑 蒋小青

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