善用高考真题，攻克熟词生义
2018-12-01蓝利霞
蓝利霞
我国的著名翻译家朱光潜说过：“一词多义是各国语言中的普遍现象，翻开任何一部较详细的字典，都可以发现在一个词条下往往举出几个乃至几十个意义。”这说明在语言的学习过程中一词多义是普遍现象，英语也不例外。在英语学习中，我们因阅读量有限，很难遇到和掌握每个多义词的各个意义，因此，在试卷中不可避免地会出现熟词生义。这给我们造成理解上的障碍，特别是完形填空。
例如2018年高考英语全国Ⅲ卷完形填空中的第53题的答案bearing。学生往往熟悉bear做名词，表示“熊”，他们很难想到bearing表示“携带”的意义：
He turned up at the hospital 53 gifts for the new mother Lindsey and her baby boy.
53. A. bearing B. collecting C. opening D. making
熟词生义如同披着羊皮的狼，考生往往难以识破，结果被咬，严重受伤。其实，为防“被咬”，我们注意以下几招。
破“狼”妙招一：研做高考真题
留意短文中的熟词生义
在与“狼”对抗中，研做近年的高考完形填空真题很有必要。以下句子选自近三年高考英语全国卷完形填空，请说出划线加粗词的汉语大意。
1. One more look and he noticed flames shooting out from under the vehicle.（ 2016年全国I卷）
2. Once fire and emergency people arrived， Larry and the other man backed off. （ 2016年全国I卷）
3. Sitting back in the car on the way to airport， I figured it all out. （2016年全国II卷）
4. Football season started in September and all summer long I worked out. I carried my football everywhere for practice.
（2016年全国III卷）
5. I then made it a point to attend those meetings and learn all I could.（2017年全国I卷）
6. Freddy was an average student， but not an average person. （2017年全国II卷）
7. A Toronto man is offering a free round-the-world air ticket to the right woman. But restrictions apply.（ 2017年全国III卷）
8. Jordan Axani， 28， said he and his then girlfriend， Elizabeth Gallagher， booked heavily discounted round-the-world air tickets in May. （2017年全国III卷）
9. Maurice Ashley was kind and smart， a former graduate returning to teach， and this job was no game for him； he meant business.（ 2018年全國I卷）
10. On every single move you have to analyze a situation， process what your opponent （对手） is doing and evaluate the best move from among all your options.”（2018年全国I卷）
11. I saw there were two instructors on board and a man lying across the middle. He was shaking violently.（2018年全国II卷）
12. When most of us get a text message on our cell phone from an unknown person， we usually say“sorry， wrong number！” and move on.（ 2018年全国III卷）
参考答案：
1. vi.冒出2. conj.一……就3. vt.（out）弄明白4. vi.锻炼5. n.特别留意6. adj.普通的7. vi 适用8. adj.当时的9. n.要事（mean business是认真的）10. vt.审视11. adv.猛烈地12. n.文本
分析答案中的熟词生义
以下各题选自近三年高考英语全国卷完形填空真题，请先做一做，在题后表格中填出各正确选项在本题中的词性和意义，然后再对照表格后面的正确答案。
1. They told her to stay 52 until the emergency personnel arrived.（2016年全国I卷）
A. quiet B. still C. away D. calm
2. Once fire and emergency people arrive， Larry and the other man 56 and let them go to work. （2016年全国I卷）
A. stepped forward B. backed off
C. moved on D. set out
3. 23 they feel they can know you just through the sound of your voice. （2016年全国II卷）
A. Thus B. Yet C. Then D. Indeed
4. One morning， I had to 30 an immediate flight home for a family emergency.（2016年全国Ⅱ卷）
A. arrange B. postpone C. confirm D. book
5. You know， I didnt tell you this during the season， but you did 35 .（2016年全国III卷）
A. fine B. wrong C. quickly D. normally
6. From that day on，I grew 40 and a little more real.（2016年全国III卷）
A. healthier B. bigger C. cleverer D. cooler
7. I only learned how to 53 the alphabet that day.（2017年全国I卷）
A. print B. write C. sign D. count
8. The professor was deaf and any talking was 57 .（2017年全国I卷）
A. prohibited B. welcomed C. ignored D. repeated
9. Just last year， I was 56 a workshop when someone knocked at the classroom door. （2017年全国II卷）
A. observing B. preparing C. designing D. conducting
10. Although Freddy was taken from us， we all 60 something from Freddy. （2017年全国II卷）
A. chose B. took C. expect D. borrowed
11.“I just want to see the ticket go to good use and for someone to 48 a lot of joy，”said Axani.（2017年全国III卷）
A. sacrifice B. express C. experience D. provide
12. He posted his 49 on a social networking website， and received thousands of e-mails， including thirty from actual Elizabeth Gallagbers with the right passports， （2017年全国III卷）
A. answer B. advice C. offer D. comment
13. I 41 the idea of taking the class because， after all， who doesnt want to save a few dollars？ （2018年全國I卷）
A. put forward B. jumped at
C. tried out D. turned down
14. He was an international grandmaster， which meant I would be learning from one of the games 46 .（2018年全国I卷）
A. fastest B. easiest C. best D. rarest
15. I realized one kayak （皮划艇） was in trouble.“Somethings not 48 ！（2018年全国II卷）
A. real B. right C. fair D. fit
16. Linking arms with one of the instructors， I helped carrying the young man out of water. He was unconscious and as I looked at his face， something 52 to me. （2018年高考英语全国卷II）
A. happened B. occurred C. applied D. appealed
17. Teresa 56 a photo of the chance meeting on a social networking website accompanied by the touching words： （2018年全国III卷）
A. found B. selected C. developed D. posted
18. Teresa posted a photo of the chance meeting on a social networking website 57 by the touching words： （2018年全国III卷）
A. confirmed B. simplified C. clarified D. accompanied
该选项在本题中的意思：1. adj.不动的2. vi. 后退3. adv.但是4. vt.预定5. adv.令人满意地6. adj.长大的7. v.打手势8. vt.使不可能9. vt.管理10. vt.学到11. vt.感受12. n.赠送品 13. 欣喜地接受14. n.最好的人或事物15. adj.正常的16. vi.突然想到17. vt.公布、张贴18. vt.附有，带有
完形填空是一道综合题，它要求考生注重上下文之间的关系，稍不注意，学生被“狼”——熟词生义咬伤。要识破熟词生义这条“披着羊皮的狼”，考生每天必须定时定量练习完形填空。学生在掌握和理解文章主旨大意和句、段间的内在联系的基础上，准确判断和选择符合特定上下文的动词、名词、形容词、副词或其他词，注重上下文之间的关系。所以遇到熟词新义时，学生要理清上下文之间的逻辑关系，认真分析对比后做出正确的选择。虽然练习是提高完形填空解题能力的最根本的方法，但练习不可贪多，要适量，每天一篇。练习后，要注重积累一些高频单词和短语，要特别留意熟词生义。
破“狼”妙招二：结合高考真题
在复习教材中的重点词汇时，一是要善于将出现在不同模块不同单元的同一个词及其派生词进行归纳，二是要巧妙地与高考真题结合起来复习，以便更好地掌握教材里面的熟词生义。如：
apply与其派生词application， applicant在人教版教材中多次出现：
必修二第3单元：Since the 1970s many new applications have been found for me. （application意为“应用程序”）
必修五第5单元：He slowed the bleeding by applying pressure to the wounds until the police and ambulance arrived. （apply意为“使用”）
选修八第1单元：However， most applicants know that they have very little chance of getting a visa.（applicant意为“申请者”）
选修八第1单元：From 1882 to 1940 Angel Island was a famous immigration station where many Chinese people applied for right to live in USA.（apply for意为“申请”）
我们在分析讲解这些句子时，可结合高考题来学习：
1. A Toronto man is offering a free round-the-world air ticket to the right woman. But restrictions apply.（2017年全国III卷）
2. ... since passport information was not required when
46 ， any Canadian Elizabeth Gallagher can take it. （2017年全国III卷）
A. applying B. booking C. checking D. bargaining
3. Linking arms with one of the instructors， I helped carrying the young man out of water. He was unconscious and as I looked at his face， something 52 to me. （2018年全国II卷）
A. happened B. occurred C. applied D. appealed
4. We had to write a paper on how we plan to 51 what we would learn in class to our future professions and，eventually， to our lives.（2018年全国I卷）
A. add B. expose C. applied D. compare
同时，出一些相关练习让考生根据上下文猜测词义：
1. I am applying for a summer job.
2. They applied themselves to this task.
3. This rule applied to us.
4. The authorities applied the same principle.
5. They applied the pressure to the wounded place.
6. The doctor applied the herb to the wound.
参考答案：1. vi.申请 2. apply oneself to sth.集中精力于3. vi.适用 4. vt.運用 5. vt.施加 6. vt.涂、敷
又如，last在教材中更是随处可见，我们在平时的学习中，可收集整理它作不同词性和不同意义的句子。如：指出下列各句黑体词的意义。
1. They got married last month.
2. Much has changed since my last visit.
3. It was announced that it would be better than the last.
4. He is thinner than I last saw him.
5. He was the last to go to school.
6. I was always last picked for the football team at school.
7. She finished reading the last of the book.
8. The last thing I wanted to do was to become a doctor.
9. Their marriage has lasted for ten years.
10. The tube lasts for ages.
11. I am so glad that weve found you at last.
参考答案：1. adj.上一个的2. adj.最近的3. n.最近发生的事情4.adv.最近一次5. adj.最后的6. adv.最后地7. n.剩下的东西或人8. adj.最不可能的，最不想要的9. vi.持续10.vi.够用（一段时间） 11. vi.终于
结合高考真题：
1. Im sure I was the last person in the world he wanted to accept assistance from. （2016年全国III卷）（last adj.意为“最不可能……的”）
2. Hed moved to England with his mum when he was three and it had been 13 years since Id 41 seen him.（2018年全国II卷）
A. also B. often C. even D. last
（答案D，last adv.上次）
总之，熟词生义这条“披着羊皮的狼”在完形填空中不断以新的形式出现，我们要认真分析历年高考真题，然后再回归教材，并堅持阅读，就一定能识破“熟词生义”这条披着羊皮的狼，最后成功地灭了这条凶恶的“狼”！
责任编辑 蒋小青
