餐桌上的一抹荷塘秀色这个展览就是博物馆版《如懿传》
2018-11-12马黎
马黎
“凤舞紫禁:清代皇后的艺术与生活”特展今夏在美国波士顿迪美博物馆开展。这场远在美国的展览,通过北京故宫博物院的官方微博介绍后,在国内也引来极大的关注。原来,该展涉及了近期在国内热播的影视剧《延禧攻略》和《如懿传》中的历史人物原型——富察氏和甄嬛在历史上究竟什么样,穿什么、用什么,都在这个展览里。
此次展览由美国迪美博物馆、史密森学会弗雷尔/塞克勒艺术博物馆和故宫博物院合作举办。200余件展品绝大多数来自故宫博物院,少量为上述两个美国博物馆馆藏。中国丝绸博物馆也应邀提供了清代丝织品的种类样本,以辅助展览。
遇见《如懿传》《延禧攻略》里的后妃们
该展主要聚焦于三位重要人物:崇庆太后(1693年~1777年)、孝贤皇后(1712年~1748年)与慈禧太后(1835年~1908年)。崇庆太后就是《延禧攻略》中宋春丽和《如懿传》中邬君梅饰演的钮祜禄·甄嬛的历史原型。而孝贤皇后,就是《延禧攻略》中秦岚和《如懿传》中董洁饰演的富察氏,国内的观众已经很熟悉了。
200多件展品包括精美绝伦的书画、龙袍、珠宝首饰、金银器、玉器、御用瓷、家具与佛教文物,向观众讲述宫廷女性鲜为人知的故事,展现她们对国事、家事、宫廷艺术和宗教的影响。
该展是以清代皇后为主题的首次国际大展。其中,以金发塔为代表的许多展品首次与美国观众见面。
这件重达110公斤、嵌满宝石的金发塔,是1777年崇庆太后去世,乾隆下旨由内务府制作而成,为故宫金发塔中最大的一件,塔身内供奉着乾隆母亲的头发,以示祈福。“藏传佛教在清代宫廷里是很重要的宗教信仰,这个塔也是在藏传佛教的体系中。塔内有一件无量寿佛,从乾隆的意愿来说,应该还是为母亲在极乐世界里面能够获得永生而祈福。”美国波士顿迪美博物馆中国与东亚艺术部主任兼策展人王伊悠介绍道。
崇庆太后原名钮祜禄氏,更为人熟知的称号为孝圣宪皇后或熹妃,她11岁时以侍妾的身份进入雍亲王府,18岁生下她的独子,即后来的乾隆皇帝。母以子贵,乾隆帝尊亲法祖,强調“以孝治天下”,尊养太后。本次展览也展出了两件大幅崇庆太后肖像画,为其六十、七十大寿而创作,生动地再现了她“母仪天下”的形象。
展览中,有一件迪美博物馆馆藏的《清乾隆孝贤纯皇后像》,端庄美丽,服饰细节清晰。“这幅孝贤皇后像轴特别珍贵,我用了4年时间研究它。”王伊悠说,孝贤皇后与乾隆帝青梅竹马,感情深厚。
孝贤皇后原名富察氏,在15岁时,成为了未来乾隆帝的嫡福晋。在乾隆继承皇位后,她被册封为皇后。乾隆十三年,也就是1748年,36岁的孝贤皇后不幸病逝。
乾隆帝提笔作诗,悼念爱妻。这首挽诗也在该展中首次与观众见面。据了解,乾隆4万多首诗里,1万多首都是写给富察氏的。而这首挽诗的展出,真的难得。
展览中,还有一幅通高5米的慈禧太后油画像屏极具视觉冲击力。美国女画家凯瑟琳·卡尔的这幅画作,呈现了这位执掌晚清朝政近半个世纪的女性统治者在政务之外,对容貌的关爱和对服饰的考究。
展览展现清代皇后的艺术与生活
为什么会着重展览这三位皇后的东西?策展人王伊悠说,乾隆皇帝一天的生活如何,有相应的书籍出版,也有人在这方面做过策展的考虑,但是皇后就很难。
“绝大多数的女性记录都非常少,很难从文献里面找到她一日的详细生活情况。而乾隆每天早上起来给母亲请安等记述,只是从男性的活动视角去看到女性活动。从迪美博物馆的角度而言,我们的展览选题希望选择有新意的,更重要的是选择能够让美国观众看懂的展览,所以这次集中探讨清代宫廷女性在国事、家事、以及宗教艺术方面的一些成就和影响,扎根于历史。我们没有过多加入现代艺术的元素,但在布展的时候也会注意到。绝大多数的美国观众并不了解中国清代的历史和皇后的各种具体情况,所以我们的策展首先最重要的是突出展品的精彩。”王伊悠说。
她还补充道:“清宫有二十多个皇后,选取这三位,从客观角度来讲并不是每一位后妃的材料都足够充实,缺乏相应文物的展览只能是空中楼阁,而主观上我们希望选择的后妃是在历史上留下较深印记的。这三位在年龄和背景上有一定的代表性,两个是清中期,一个是清晚期,在时代上有一定的跨度,年龄也可以与观众有一些共鸣:孝贤纯皇后三十多就去世了,是一个年轻的皇后。崇庆皇太后是乾隆的母亲,是一位八十多岁的德高望重的老太太,慈禧则从中年步入晚年都有探讨。三个人的背景和性格都不同,就像电影中的不同角色一样。”
王伊悠介绍,这次展览集中研究了一批肖像画,“我个人在学术研究方面主攻寿皇殿,在皇家举行大祭的时候使用的一批肖像的研究。这次展出的一些肖像就属于这一批。它们有特别的样式、画法,包括构图都是程式化的。所以通过这个线索进行梳理,尺幅、画面布局、使用方面都与其他用途的画像有很大区别,依靠内务府造办处活计档的文献记录,可以获得比较准确的辨认。通过这次展览,这批画像中孝贤皇后这件的作者和创作年代都获得了确认。”
据悉,该展览在迪美博物馆展出六个月(2018年8月18日~2019年2月10日),明年三月底会在华盛顿的国家亚洲艺术博物馆,也就是史密森的佛利尔/赛克勒艺术博物馆再展三个月(2019年3月30日~6月23日),明年6月之后文物就回国了。
Empresses of China's Last Dynasty Make U.S. Debut
“Women in Forbidden City: Empresses of Qing Dynasty” Exhibition Wows the US Audience
By Ma Li
An exhibition exploring the role of the empresses of China's last dynasty, the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912), opened recently at the Peabody Essex Museum (PEM) in Salem, Massachusetts, triggering heated discussion among Chinas vigilant netizens after the success of the exhibition was broadcast on the Weibo platform of the Palace Museum.
For the fans of television blockbusters The Story of Yanxi Palace and Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace, both reaping overwhelming rave reviews in China, the exhibition offers interesting clues about the everyday life of the prototypes of the heroines of the palace dramas, one based on Emperor Qianlongs consort Empress Xiaoyichun and the other on Empress Hoifa Nara, the second wife of Emperor Qianlong. The heat wave from the ancient palace even spread overseas, as many foreign audiences have been searching for the dramas English subtitles.
The exhibition displays nearly 200 spectacular objects, most of which are from the unrivalled collection of the Palace Museum, once known as the Forbidden City and also home to the empresses, and a few from PEM and The Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery from the Smithsonian Institution's national museums of Asian art in the United States. The exhibits include imperial portraits, jewelry, garments, Buddhist sculptures, and decorative art objects.
The Hangzhou-based China Silk Museum also contributed to the exhibition.
The exhibition is organized by the 219-year-old PEM, the Smithsonian's Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Washington, D.C. and the Palace Museum to honor the 40th anniversary of the establishment of U.S.-China diplomatic relations. Located on the south side of the National Mall in Washington, D.C., the Freer and Sackler galleries house the largest Asian art research library in the US.
The exhibition features three key figures, Empress Dowager Chongqing (1693-1777), Empress Xiaoxian (1712-1748) - Qianlong Emperors beloved wife, and Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908), one of the most powerful women in Chinese history. Their life experiences revolve around six core themes: imperial weddings, power and status, family roles, lifestyle, religion, and political influence.
The exhibition is the first one of its kind unveiled to an audience outside China, opening the eye of the visitors with a selection of exhibits that had never been publicly displayed and some rare treasures that had never been on view in America. One of the highlights is a 110-kilogram gold “hair pagoda”, ordered by Qianlong Emperor to be made for his mother to achieve immortality in her Nirvana.
Empress Dowager Chongqing, better known as Empress Xiaoshengxian, gave birth to a boy at the age of 18. The boy grew to be Qianlong Emperor, the sixth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty. Two of the treasures displayed at the exhibition show the filial piety of the emperor.
One of the exhibits is a portrait of the Empress Xiaoxian, currently in the collection of PEM. “I spent four years studying this beautiful portrait that not only is a piece of art but also embodies the deep, deep love of the emperor as a husband," said Daisy Yiyou Wang, PEM's curator of Chinese and East Asian Art. Empress Xiaoxian died when she accompanied the emperor on one of his tours to southern China, at the age of only 36. More than 10,000 of the more than 40,000 poems written by Qianlong Emperor were dedicated to her. The twos love stories were featured in a special section of the exhibition.
One of the exhibits is an oil work by Katharine Augusta Carl (1865-1938), an American portrait painter and author. She spent nine months in China in 1903 painting a portrait of the Empress Dowager Cixi for the St. Louis Exposition. On her return to America, she published a book about her experience, titled With the Empress Dowager.
As the wives of the emperors, the empresses were the most powerful women in ancient China. However, their time in the palace and their roles in shaping politics, art, religion and even the Chinese history were often underestimated. And the mystery, caused by the stringent palace rules that kept each of them largely away from public view and the scarcity of historical date regarding this elite group of women, only adds to their charismatic glamour.
The exhibition in the US is scheduled to close in June, 2019.