剧院建筑

编译：周 羽

剧院建筑设计指南之利索大剧院

The Liceu from Theatre Buildings: A Design Guide

西班牙巴塞罗那

Barcelona, Spain

巴塞罗那利索大剧院，位于西班牙巴塞罗那著名的兰布拉大道，它看上去像在19世纪中期建造的，但其实自1847年第一次开业以来，利索大剧院已经经历了两次毁坏与重建。最近的一次发生在1994年，整个舞台和观众席毁于大火。五年之后，剧院重新开放并恢复到原先的状态，而且设施条件大为改善。

利索大剧院的镜厅

The Gran Teatre del Liceu, in Barcelona’s famous Paseo de las Ramblas, may look as if it was built in the mid-nineteenth century but it has been twice destroyed and recreated since it first opened in 1847.The most recent catastrophe to hit the theatre was in 1994 when the whole of the auditorium and stage area was destroyed by fire. Five years later, the theatre was reopened and restored to its former state but with considerably improved facilities.

早在这场大火之前，利索大剧院的更新改造就常被提上议程。它的观众席是欧洲最大的，可以容纳近3000人，但是公共区域和后台准备区域的空间有限，几乎没有扩张的余地。火灾反倒促进了公众对剧院的支持，公共和私人资源都被调用起来。这使得巴塞罗那利索大剧院能够买下邻近的90间公寓，在拥挤的兰布拉大道接管了一整个街区。

毁于1994年大火的观众席，重建后被完全复原

Even before the fire, there had been discussions about renovating the Liceu. The auditorium was one of the largest in Europe, originally seating nearly 3,000 people, but the public areas and the backstage provision were constricted and the site offered little scope for expansion. The fire served to rally support,with contributions coming from both public and private sources. This enabled the Liceu to buy about 90 adjacent apartments, taking over a while block in the tightly packed Ramblas district.

修整后，马蹄形的观众席和五层的包厢楼座被恢复至原貌，保留了其一代又一代歌唱家和观众交口称赞的音质效果。豪华的红色、黄色和棕色的新古典装饰风格也得以延续。原建筑的一些部分，如装饰精美的门厅和镜室，虽然没有被火灾破坏，但也一并重新翻修。

The horseshoe-shaped auditorium with its five tiers of balconies has been reinstated, retaining the acoustic quality which had been praised by generations of singers and audiences. The lavish red, gold and brown neo-classical decoration has also been restored.Some sections of the original building, such as the finely decorated entrance foyer and Mirror Room, were not destroyed and these have been renovated.

概 要

剧院类型和运营形式

面向国际的歌剧院。

地址及网站资源参考

西班牙巴塞罗那。

www.liceubarcelona.com

建造年代

观众席

马蹄形观众席及五层楼座包厢。目前座位2292个，及一个永久的交响乐池。

舞台

舞台口宽14米，歌剧厅减少至宽11.5米。高度在7米到10.5米之间。

舞台宽29.1米，深26.1米。边台宽15.9米深19.9米。后部舞台空间逐渐变窄。两侧的副舞台比主舞台低16米。

舞台下面的网格高度是29米，舞台层面净高是9.5米，从下层舞台计算场景净高是10.5米。

开采地的地质结构、岩层组成以及各岩层硬度、稳定度等地质条件都会影响巷道掘进的效率。开采中的影响因素有工作面煤岩的硬度、涌水量、瓦斯涌出量、层理发育和顶底板稳定情况等地质条件等。一般来说，只有煤矿巷道顶板稳定、支护条件和层理发育良好，煤岩硬度合适才能保证煤矿巷道的有效掘进；而如果这些地质条件恶劣，则会在不同程度上影响煤矿巷道的掘进进度和质量，无法提高掘进机械设备的作业效率。

建筑师

弗朗西斯·D. 阿西斯·索勒（1844），约瑟夫·奥里奥·梅斯特雷斯（1861）。

1994年大火之后剧院重修的设计师是迪索拉·莫瑞尔与泽维尔·法布雷及吕鲁斯·迪尔梅。

剧院（设计和技术）咨询

剧院规划咨询公司，英国伦敦。

造价

行业内估算的总成本为80万英镑（1999年）。

新的巴塞罗那利索大剧院扩建了后台区域，精巧的设计最大限度地利用了空间。为了克服限制和保留一些地面层的后台装修，新的剧院设计了单向舞台，两个位于地下16米的下层由一对主舞台电梯提供服务。飞控塔配备了一个由63个横跨吊杆组成的全面动力飞行装置，每侧都设有一根全景轨道，11段贯穿舞台的轨道，每个都配有6个固定起降点和30个可移动起降点。

The new Liceu has a vastly enlarged backstage area, cleverly designed to make best use of the limited site. In order to overcome the restrictions and to keep some backstage accommodation at ground level, only one side-stage was provided, with two others positioned 16m below served by a pair of major stage elevators.The flytower is comprehensively equipped with a power flying installation consisting of 63 across-stage bars, two panorama bars each side, 11 across-stage tracks each with six point hoists and 30 free point hoists.

新剧院还设有便捷的运输通道，可以直接从兰布拉大道通往舞台。另外，一些新的排练厅，一个礼品商店和大的下沉式大厅可供小型音乐会和接待使用。改建也为观众席和后台技术设备的升级提供了机会。现在，利索大剧院的配套设施与其精湛的演出水准及国际声誉相得益彰。

In addition, there is proper stage delivery access from Las Ramblas, some new rehearsal rooms, a gift shop and large underground foyer that is also use for small concerts and receptions. The rebuilding also provided the opportunity to upgrade the technical provision in the auditorium as well as in the backstage and production areas. The international status of the Liceu and the quality of the auditorium is now matched by its support facilities.

Summary

Theatre type and operational format

International opera house.

Location and web reference

Barcelona, Spain.

www.liceubarcelona.com

Building dates

Opened 1847. Destroyed by fire and rebuilt in 1861. Destroyed by fire again in 1994.

Reopened 7 October 1999.

Auditorium

Horseshoe format with five tiers of balconies.Currently seats 2,292. Permanent orchestra pit.

Stages

Proscenium arch 14m wide with opera portal reducing this to 11.5m. Height between 7m and 10.5m.

Stage 29.1m wide by 26.1m deep (iron to rear shutter). Side stage at this level 15.9m wide by 19.9m deep; tapering rear stage space. Two further side stages 16m below stage.

Stage to underside of grid is 29m and the scenery clearance height is 9.5m at stage level but 10.5m for scenery brought up from the lower side stages.

Architect

Francese d’Assis Soler (1844); Josep Oriol Mestres (1861). After the 1994 fire the theatre was rebuilt to the designs of lgnasi de Solà-Morales working with Xavier Fabré and Lluìs Dilmé.

Theatre (design and technical) consultants

Theatreplan LLP London, UK.

Building cost

Total cost estimated to be around $80 million in 1999.