高考题对语态的考查和三年高考链接
2018-09-25吴涛
被动语态在高考试题中雖然没有时态考查得那么多,但考查也比较频繁,它是高考的热点,也是易错点,考生对这一个语法点掌握得也不够牢固,屡屡出错。为帮助考生解除对这一个语法知识的困惑,本文将通过详实的典型实例进行归纳分析,总结该语法点的用法,把握高考对这一语法点的命题规律,掌握应对策略。
英语动词有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态的主语是谓语动作的发出者,被动语态通常表示主语是谓语动作的对象。
一、被动语态的构成形式和时态
1. 被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成。助动词be的形式随着主语的人称、数和时态的不同而变化,过去分词的形式不变化 (见下表)。
A. rewarded B. were rewarded
C. will reward D. will be rewarded
【解析】 D。试题分析:题目考查时态和语态。句意:学生们一直在刻苦学习功课,他们的努力 (将来) 一定会得到回报。由句意可知,回报是将来要发生的事情,应该用将来时;efforts和reward是被动关系,故选D。
② It is reported that a space station on the moon in years to come. (2015安徽卷29)
A. will be building B. will be built
C. has been building D. has been built
【解析】 B。句意:据报道,人们在接下来的几年里将在月球上建一个空间站。根据“in years to come”可知用将来时,space station和build是动宾关系,应该使用被动语态,故选B。
③ —Did you enjoy the party?
—Yes, we by our hosts. (2015北京卷22)
A. were treated B. would be treated
C. treated D. had treated
【解析】 A。句意:——你喜欢这个聚会吗?——是的,我们的主人很好的招待了我们。根据上一句中的did可知用一般过去时;且we和treated是动宾关系,用被动语态。此空应该用一般过去时的被动语态,故选A。
④ To my delight, I from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony. (2015福建卷26)
A. was chosen B. was being chosen
C. would choose D. had chosen
【解析】 A。根据句意:让我高兴的是,我从成百上千的参加者中被选中参加开幕式。可以知道这里应该是被动语态,又因为被选中是过去发生的事情,这里只是对过去发生的事情的一般描述,应用一般过去式的被动式,故选A。
⑤ More expressways in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy. (2015四川卷4)
A. are being built B. will be built
C. have been built D. had been built
【解析】 B。该题四个备选答案用的都是被动语态,选哪一种时态好呢? 句中的时间状语soon“立即,马上”可理解为一般将来时,所以选B。
⑥ Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement so far by the two sides. (2015天津卷9)
A. has been reached B. was reached
C. will reach D. will have reached
【解析】 A。试题分析:句意:尽管之前多轮谈判,但到目前为止双方没有达成任何协议。根据句中的时间状语so far“到目前为止”可知用现在完成时。主语agreement与reach为被动关系,根据句意可知选A。
在被动语态中,没有完成进行时态和将来 (包括过去将来) 进行时态,如果这些时态的主动语态结构的句子需要变为被动语态,可以用完成时态或一般时态。如:
We have been discussing the plan for a week.→The plan has been discussed for a week.
We shall be discussing it tomorrow morning. →It will be discussed tomorrow morning.
2. 被动语态一般在下列场合使用:
1) 动作的执行者不明确或不需要说出时:
【高考真题】 He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he . (2017江苏卷27)
A. was being followed B. was following
C. had been followed D. followed
【解析】 A。考查宾语从句里面的时态语态。分析句子成分可知,he和follow是被动关系,即他被别人跟踪,排除B、D;根据句意“在匆忙赶回家的路上,他从未回头看是否正被跟踪”,故用过去进行时最合适,故选A。
2) 强调动作的对象时:
【高考真题】 ① In the 1950s in the USA, most families had just one phone at home, and wireless phones yet. (2017北京卷29)
A. havent invented
B. havent been invented
C. hadnt invented
D. hadnt been invented
【解析】 D。考查时态语态。句意:在美国20世纪50年代的时候,大多数的家庭家里只有一部电话,并且无线电话还根本没有发明出来。根据句意可知用被动语态,排除A和C,事情发生在过去,与现在无关,排除B,故选D。
② More efforts, as reported, in the years ahead to accelerate the supplyside structural reform. (2016江蘇卷22)
A. are made B. will be made
C. are being made D. have been made
【解析】 B。该题考查时态语态。本句的时间状语“in the years ahead”“在未来的几年”通常和一般将来时连用,且efforts与动词make构成被动关系,所以要使用一般将来时的被动语态形式,故B正确。
3) 出于修辞目的,例如为了使句子更加紧凑:如:Yesterday he visited our school and was welcomed by the headmaster.
3. 在口语中,有些系动词,如get, become, grow, turn out等,加上及物动词的过去分词也可以构成被动语态。这种结构比“be+及物动词的过去分词”更能体现动作性,它后面通常不把动作执行者表示出来。如:We got delayed because of the holiday traffic.
二、被动语态与基本句型
在英语的五种基本句型中,由于不及物动词和系动词不能用于被动语态,因此只有SVO, SVOiOd和SVOC三种句型可用于被动语态。
1. 在SVO句型中,如果宾语是that引导的从句,尤其当主句的谓语动词是think, believe, say, feel等词时,转换成被动语态通常有两种形式:
1) 以it代替原宾语从句在被动语态的句子的句首作形式主语,原宾语从句变成被动句中后置的主语从句。如:They said that he was jealous of her success. (主动语态)
→It was said that he was jealous of her success. (被动语态)
2) 从主动句中把宾语从句的主语提出,作全句的主语,主句的谓语动词变为被动态,原宾语从句变成被动句中后置的主语从句。
上述例句也可改为He was said to be jealous of her success. (被动语态)
这样的被动态句子,在科技文章、新闻报道中是常见的。
2. 将SVOiOd句型的主动句转换为被动语态时,只能将其中一个宾语转化成主语,另一个仍保留在谓语之后,作为保留宾语。将直接宾语转化成主语时,被保留的间接宾语前通常要有介词to,在某些动词后须用介词for。如:
His father will give him a car. (主动语态)→He will be given a car. (Oi作主语)→A car will be given to him. (Od作主语)
3. SVOC句型转换为被动语态时,原句中的宾语补语(Co) 保留在原位,变为主语补语(Cs)。在该句型中,如果主动句中宾语补语是不带to的不定式,转化成被动语态时,作为主语补语的不定式一定要加上to。如:
His father made him go to bed early. →He was made to go to bed early by his father.
三、短语动词的被动语态
一些相当于及物动词的短语动词也可以构成被动语态。这时候,整个短语动词通常被看作是一个整体,词组内的介词、副词等不能拆开或省略。如:He was brought up by his sister.
Such a thing has never been heard of before.
此外,有一种动词短语是由“及物动词+名词+介词”的固定搭配构成,其被动形式有两种:一种是把整个短语当成一个及物动词看待,将介词后的名词(或代词)变成被动语态的主语;另一种是把这种短语中的“动词+名词”结构作为“动词+宾语”看待,把这个动宾结构变为被动语态。如:They paid no attention to the problem.→No attention was paid to the problem.或者The problem was not paid attention to.能这样变化的“动词+名词+介词”短语动词有:keep an eye on, make use of, put an end to, take care of等。
四、被动语态与“be+作表语的过去分词”
“be+过去分词”并不都是被动语态,过去分词用作形容词时,“be+过去分词”结构为系表结构。
这种系表结构与被动语态的区别在于:被动语态强调动作,而系表结构则表示主语的特征或所处的状态。如:This novel is well written. (系表结构) 试比较:This novel is written by a young writer. (被动语态)
如何区分这两种结构?一般说来如果过去分词在句中作形容词,那么它后面就不能跟by+行动主体,也不能将整个句子转化为主动句。
五、主动形式表示被动意义
有少数动词的主动形式可以表示被动意义。主要有以下几种情况:
1. 由少数及物动词转化过来的不及物动词,如:cut, read, write, lock, shut, wash等,后面加上副詞可以表示被动意义。如:These clothes wash well. 这些衣服经洗。
2. 少数感官动词用作系动词时,如:feel等。如:Silk feels very soft. 丝绸摸起来很软。
以上两种情况中,主语通常是表示物的词,谓语动词也不能用进行时态。
3. 有少数动词可以用进行时形式 (主要是现在进行时) 表示被动意义。这一类句子的主语都是指物的。如:The meat is cooking. The book is selling quickly.
六、被动语态中的几个常用介词
有几个介词在被动语态中经常使用,by可以引出动作的执行者;with表示使用了某种工具;of表示由某种原料制成,而且制成品中可以见到原料;from表示源于某种原料,但原料在制成品中不可见。如: The pencil was sharpened with a knife. The bench is made of wood. Wine is made from rice.
【高考真题】 Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, as one of the best allround forms of exercise. (2017天津卷6)
A. regard B. is regarded
C. are regarded D. regards
【解析】 B。试题分析:句意:现在骑自行车、慢跑和游泳被认为是最全面的锻炼方式之一。由动词短语regard...as... (这儿不能用by) (把……看做……)和句意可以确定应该用被动语态,排除A和D;由介词短语along with 连接的三个名词作主语,谓语动词应该就前一致,即用单数,排除C。故选B。
七、被动语态常和虚拟语气一起考查
【高考真题】 ① If the new safety system to use, the accident would never have happened. (2017北京卷34)
A. had been put B. were put
C. should be put D. would be put
【解析】 A考查虚拟语气和语态。句意:如果这个新的安全系统被投入使用过的话,这个事故就不会发生了。根据主句确定是对过去情况的虚拟,所以从句用had done形式,system与put to use是动宾关系,故选A。
② I was wearing a seatbelt. If I hadnt been wearing one, I . (2016天津卷15)
A. were injured
B. would be injured
C. had been injured
D. would have been injured
【解析】 D。试题分析:句意:我当时系着安全带。如果我没有系安全带,我就会受伤了。由句意可知,应用虚拟语气,再由if条件句用的had done,可知主句应用would have done表示对过去情况的虚拟,而且I和injure是被动关系。故选D。
(作者:吴涛,南京市第三高级中学)