浅析英语中常用8种时态的被动语态
2018-08-23翟晓静
翟晓静
一、被动语态概述
英语有主动语态和被动语态两种语态形式。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,一般说来,只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语中常用“被”、“受”、“给”等词来表示被动意义。如:
They didnt finish the job他们没有完成那项工作(主动语态)
The job wasnt finished by them. 那项工作没有被他们完成(被动语态)
二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词(p.p)”构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式,过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。为更好熟记八种常用时态对应的主动语态与被动语态格式,现以图表总结如下:
对于含有情态动词的句子,其主动语态为:主语+情态动词+V原形,被动语态为:主语+情态动词+be+p.p
三、注意事项
1. 对于含有双宾语,即直接宾语和间接宾语的句子,每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语,但多以间接宾语作主语。
eg.. Jack told us the truth. →We were told the truth by Jack.
2..一些动词短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
eg.. We can't laugh at him. →He cant be laughed at by us.
3.一些表示状态的动词没有被动语态,如:have, belong to, happen等。 eg.. The traffic accident happened to him.
4. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动,如: write, break, sell, look。 eg.The apples look good and sell well.
5. 含有宾语从句的主动句变為被动句,通常用it作为被动结构的先行主语,把宾语从句后置。
e.g. We have determined that the plan should be carried out soon. →
→It has been determined that the plan should be carried out soon.
6. 对于含有宾语+宾语补足语的句子,变成被动句后原来的宾语补足语就成了主语补足语了(不带to的不定式作宾语补足语时,变成被动时要加上to)。
e.g. I found him play on the playground just now. →He was found to play on the playground by me.