William Henry Harrison Murray 威廉·亨利·哈里森·穆里

2018-08-04景一

中学生英语·中考指导版 2018年7期

景一

The summer of 1868 passed as an unremarkable1 season at Saranac Lake in New Yorks Adirondack Mountains. The weather was fine， the scenery delightful， and about 200 to 300 hunters and anglers2 came to hunt and fish as usual. The summers of 1869 and 1870， however， were an altogether different story. The weather was more or less the same， and the scenery continued to entrance3， but thousands of men and women came to enjoy Americas newest recreation4—camping.

1868年，在纽约的阿迪朗达克山脉的萨拉纳克湖，一个不起眼的夏季过去了。天氣很好，风景宜人，和往常一样，约有200到300名猎人和垂钓者来此打猎和垂钓。然而，1869和1870的夏天则是另一番景象。天气大致相同，景色依旧迷人，但有数以千计的人们前来体验美国最新潮的娱乐方式——露营。

They had been inspired by what today we recognize as the watershed5 book in the history of American camping， Adventures in the Wilderness； or， Camp-Life in the Adirondacks， which had been written in 1869 by a minister6 named William Henry Harrison Murray （1840～1904）. He became known as the father of the Outdoor Movement. The book is cited as changing common parlance7 to use “vacation” instead of the British “holiday” for people vacating their city homes.

这些人们全都是受到了在当今被认为是美国露营史上的分水岭的一本书的影响，这本书就是牧师威廉·亨利·哈里森·穆里（1840—1904）在1869年所著的《野外探险：阿迪朗达克山脉的露营生活》。穆里被认为是户外运动之父。这本书被认为改变了日常用语，用“假期（vacation）”一词取代了英语中的“假日（holiday）”一词，以描述人们离开城市家园去度假的行为。

Murray was born in Guilford， Connecticut in 1840. In his boyhood， he learned to shoot， hunt， and fish， even as he developed a reading habit and a taste for literature. Murray entered Yale College in 1858， and upon graduating immediately married Isadora Hull， who also loved the out of doors. Determined to become a minister， Murray entered the Congregationalist East Windsor Seminary near Hartford， Connecticut， where he finished his studies in 1864. He then served in a succession of churches in Connecticut and Massachusetts.

1840年，穆里出生于康涅狄格州的吉尔福德。在他小时候，他学会了射击、打猎和捕鱼，同样养成了阅读的习惯和对文学的品味。穆里在1858年进入耶鲁大学，毕业后即与同样喜欢户外活动的伊萨朵拉·赫尔结婚。因为决心成为一名牧师，穆里入读了康涅狄格州哈特福德附近的公理会东温莎神学院，1864年，他在那里完成了他的学业。随后，他在康涅狄格州和马萨诸塞州多个教堂任职。

Murray took his first camping vacation in the Adirondacks in the summer of 1864 and returned annually8 for many years. Sometimes， Murray brought parties with him， which could include not only his friends， but also his wife and his friends wives. Smitten9 by the Adirondacks beauty and the leisure time he enjoyed there， Murray started writing about his trips in a series of lively， often humorous “narrative exercises”. In Murrays case， the subjects included hunting， fishing， and the powerful beauty of nature.

1864年夏季，穆里在阿迪朗达克山脉度过了他的第一个野营假期，之后多年他每年都返回那里度假。有时，默里会在那里举行聚会，不仅邀请他的朋友们，还有他的妻子和他朋友们的妻子们。陶醉于阿迪朗达克山脉的美以及在那里度过的闲暇时光，穆里开始了关于他的旅行的一系列活泼、幽默的“叙事练笔”。穆里笔下文字的主题包括狩猎、捕鱼和大自然的强大魅力。

Murray never intended his “narrative exercises” for publication. But when a good friend encouraged him in 1869 to publish a book with a famous Boston publisher， Murray liked the idea. At first， publisher James T. Fields declined Murrays manuscript， but not wanting to embarrass the minister， he reluctantly10 agreed to read the submission. Two days later， he called Murray to his office with exciting news： He wanted to publish Murrays book that spring. “Your method of interpreting nature and your humor are unlike anything that we have ever seen，” Fields said. “This little book， I am confident， is destined11 to a great career.”

穆里从未打算出版他的“叙事练笔”。但在1869年，当他的一位好朋友鼓励他找一个有名的波士顿出版商出版书时，他很喜欢这个主意。一开始，出版商詹姆斯·托马斯·菲尔茨拒绝了穆里的手稿，但又不想让这位牧师难堪，于是他勉强同意阅读这份手稿。两天后，他把穆里叫到了办公室，带来了令人兴奋的消息——当年春天，他想出版穆里的书。“你诠释自然的方式以及你的幽默与众不同，”菲尔茨说。“这本小小的书，我相信，一定会红。”

The book was immediately popular with the public and a tremendous12 commercial success， making Murray both famous and wealthy by June. We do not know exactly how many copies were sold. Years later， Murray recalled that for a long time the book had sold at a rate of about 500 per week.

这本书立即受到了公众的欢迎，并取得了巨大的商业成功，使穆里不到六月就变得既有名又富有。我们不知道到底这本书售出了多少册。几年后，穆里回忆说，有很长一段时间，这本书都在以每周约500册的速度售出。

Within months of the books release， the sleepy Adirondack region was transformed， as an unprecedented13 horde14 of campers， hunters， and anglers arrived from New York， Boston， Hartford， Philadelphia， and other cities. According to a reporter on the 1870 scene， “Mr. Murrays book drew a throng of pleasure-seekers into this region. The book seemed to be everywhere...hawked15 through the cars； for sale in the most unlooked-for places； by every carpet-bag...”

在這本书开始发行的数月里，随着来自纽约、波士顿、哈特福德、费城及其他城市的史无前例规模的露营者、猎人和垂钓者们的到来，沉寂的阿迪朗达克地区大变样了。据1870年现场的一位记者的叙述，“穆里先生的书吸引了大批找乐子的人进入这个地区。这本书好像到处都是……在车流间兜售；在一些最意想不到的地方出售；出现在每一个旅行袋旁……”

The stampede16 of visitors， which continued unabated17 through the summers of 1869 and 1870， came to be called “Murrays Rush” and its author gained a nickname： “Adirondack” Murray. By July 1869， demand for this book was so great that the publishers began to produce a knock-off “Tourists Edition” with twelve pages of railroad timetables and a map in the back pocket. Railroads began to offer a free copy with each round-trip ticket to the Adirondacks to generate more riders. Soon， it seemed that everyone traveling to the Adirondacks owned “a copy of Murray.”

游客的蜂拥而入，从1869到1870的夏天一直持续未见衰减，这被称为“穆里热”，而其始作俑者则获得了一个绰号——“阿迪朗达克”的穆里。到1869年7月，对这本书的需求如此之大，于是出版商开始推出书后口袋里附有十二页火车时刻表和一张地图的“旅游版”。为了吸引更多乘客，铁路公司开始为每一张前往阿迪朗达克地区的往返票提供一份免费的书。很快，前往阿迪朗达克地区的人几乎人手一份“穆里的书”。

So many people arrived after the book was published that there werent enough accommodations， guides， etc.； hence these crowds were called “Murrays Fools”. Later， these “Murrays Fools” built hundreds of “Great Camps”， hotels， vacation homes and clubs in the Adirondacks.

在这本书出版后，太多人来到这里，因此没有足够的住处、向导等，因此这些人群被称为“穆里的傻瓜”。后来，这些“穆里的傻瓜”在阿迪朗达克地区修建了成百上千的“大营地”、酒店、度假别墅和会所。

Adventures in the Wilderness； or， Camp-Life in the Adirondacks produced its remarkable effect for several reasons. The Adirondacks were more accessible18 than ever， as railroads and a telegraph line reached the regions margin19 in 1868. The post-Civil War economy was booming， which increased middle class wealth and made it possible for more people to buy Murrays book and act on his advice. Finally， Murrays book offered a great deal of practical advice. Murray explained how to get to the Adirondacks， how to avoid insects， where to buy equipment， which qualities to value in a guide， a few names of local guides， and what accommodations20 were available. He told new campers what to bring， and what to leave at home.

《野外探险：阿迪朗达克山脉的露营生活》这本书的影响深远有以下几个原因。阿迪朗达克山脉比以往任何时候都更容易接近，因为在1868年铁路和电报线路已修到了该区域的边缘。南北战争后经济蓬勃发展，中产阶级的财富增加，更多的人可以购买穆里的书并按照他的建议行事。最后一点，穆里的书里提供了大量實用的建议。穆里说明了如何前往阿迪朗达克山脉，如何防虫，在哪里买装备，向导应具备哪些素质，一些当地向导的名字，哪里可以住宿。他告诉新手露营者们要带哪些东西，要把哪些东西留在家里。

Furthermore， the book produced its dramatic popular response because Murray was the first writer to present camping as pilgrimage21. In its simplest form， a pilgrim22 is someone who leaves home， journeys to a sacred place， and returns home changed. Personal motivations vary， but pilgrims typically seek escape from the routine and restrictions23 of ordinary life in order to find spiritual satisfaction and comfort.

此外，这本书也引起了戏剧性的反响，因为穆里是第一位将野营比作朝圣的作家。朝圣的最简单的形式是朝圣的人离开家，前往一个神圣的地方，回到家时已发生改变。虽然个人动机各不相同，但朝圣者们通常是为了逃避日常的生活和限制，去追寻精神上的满足和安慰。

American pilgrims frequently headed out of cities to rural and wildland areas for family reunions， and even before Murrays book appeared. Murrays book， unlike other books before， placed camping within this American pilgrimage pattern. American life had changed rapidly after the Civil War. Growing cities offered more and more employment choices， but smoke， noise， and crowding， class， ethnic， and other social relations， and other rapid changes left many people in cities confused.

在穆里的书面世之前，美国的朝圣者们就经常走出城市，到乡村和野外地区去进行家庭聚会。不同于之前的其他书，穆里的书把露营引入到了美国的朝圣模式中。南北战争后，美国的生活迅速发生了变化。不断变多的城市提供了更多的就业机会，但烟雾、噪音、拥挤、阶级、种族等社会关系以及其他快速的变化使许多城市居民困惑不已。

Yearning for a sense of belonging， they heard Murrays call to the wild. The minister blamed urban life for his readers yearnings and aches， and described camping as cure. The book， he declared， was written for those who put up in narrow offices and narrower studies， weary24 of the citys din25， long for a breath of mountain air and the free life by field. These lost ideals， he assured his readers， could be found on a camping trip.

渴望归属感的人们听到了穆里前往荒野的号召。这位牧师指责城市生活给他的读者带来了向往和痛苦，把露营描述成了一种治愈手段。他说，这本书是为那些受困于狭窄的办公室里和更狭窄的书房中，厌倦了城市的喧嚣，渴望呼吸山间的空气和享受自由的野外生活的人而写的。他向读者保证，这些失落的理想可以在野营旅行中找回。

Murray broke the gender barrier by insisting that camping was “delightful to ladies”. Of all who go into the woods， none enjoy the experiences more than ladies， and certain it is that none are more benefited by it.

穆里打破了性別歧视，坚持认为露营对女士来说是“愉快的”。所有的人走进森林，没有谁能比女士们有更多的体验，也没有谁能比女士们受益更多。

Murrays belief was that to be a full person one must combine the knowledge of nature with a civilized education. He believed in protecting the Adirondacks， and often spoke about the “ownership of the Adirondacks”. He believed no one state or individual owned the wilderness.

穆里的信念是：要成为一个完整的人，就必须把自然的知识与文明教育结合起来。他认为要保护阿迪朗达克山脉，并经常谈到的阿迪朗达克山脉的“所有权”问题。他认为，不应由某一个州或个人独享这片旷野。