主旨大意题的应对技巧

张国强

命题方式

选择主题的题目旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨，通常用关键词、短语或句子来概括。常见的提问方式有：

1. What is the main/general idea of this text ？

2. What is mainly discussed in this passage？

3. What is the text mainly about ？

4. This text mainly tells us_______.

5. This passage mainly deals with_______.

6. The main idea of this passage may be best ex-pressed as________.

7. Which of the following best states the theme of the passage？

选择标题的题目则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。标题通常由一个名词或名词短语充当，用词简短、精练。常见的提问方式有：

1. What would be the best title for the text？

2. Which of the following is the best/most suitable title for this text？

3. The best/most suitable title for this text would be

4. The topic of this passage is______.

不管是选择主题还是选择标题，实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇的主线。不管是何种体裁的文章，总是围绕一个主题来展开。在试题设计上，三个干扰项的内容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要内容，考生需要注意甄别。

规律方法

一、如何精确归纳标题

1.利用主题段来概括标题

主题段一般在文章的第一段或最后一段。一般来说，第一段提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题。知道了文章的主题，也就知道了文章的中心，然后把中心概括成一句话或一个短语——文章的标题即可。

2.利用主题句来概括标题

解题的关键是要抓住每一段的首尾句，考生要注意贯穿文章始终的词句。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。

做此类题时，考生要避免以下三种错误：

（1）概括不够（多表现为部分替代整体，从而缩小了范围）：

（2）过度概括（多表现为人为扩大范围）；

（3）以事实或细节替代文章大意。

二、如何概括文章大意

1.做概括文章大意题时，最有效的方法就是辨认主题句。主题句具有简洁性和概括性的特点，文章的大意往往是每段主题句的综合。若文章无主题句，则考生需要依据文中的事实、细节、观点进行分析、推断和归纳，从而概括出文章大意。

2.在选择答案时，考生可以根据自己总结的大意，利用排除法将干扰项逐个排除。

三、如何总结段落大意

段落大意即某一段的中心，通常中心句会在首句体现出来，这就是常说的段落主题句。主题句具有鲜明的概括性，句子结构简单，段落中其他句子均用来解释、支撑或扩展主题句所表达的主题。主题句通常位于段首，也可位于段尾或段中。有时作者没有写出明显的主题句，考生要学会根据段落内容去概括主题句。

解题技巧

1.归纳要点抓大意。适用于没有明显主题句的文章或段落。

2.从段落中抓大意。适用于主题句位于文章中间段落的文章。

3.读首句抓大意。适用于主题句出现在开头的文章，如说明文、议论文、科技文献和新闻报道。

4.读尾句抓大意。适用于主题句出现在段尾或篇尾的文章。

找主题句的小窍门：

1.段落中出现表示转折的单词或短语时，其后的句子很可能是主题句。

2.首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能是主题句。

3.作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是文章的主旨：反复出现的单词，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。

[即时演练]

Using a computer or smartphone at night can cause us to pile on the pounds ， new research has revealed. The study found a link between hlue light exposure and in-creased hunger. It found that exposure to blue light in-creases hunger levels for several hours and even increas-es hunger levels after eating a meal. Blue light exposure has also already been shown to cause decreased sleepi-ness in the evening ， increasing the risk of sleeplessness.

The leading researcher ， Ivy Cheung ， from North-westem University in Chicago，said，“A single three-hour exposure to blue-enriched light in the evening greatly affected hunger and metabolism（新陳代谢）. These results are important because they suggest that controlling environmental light exposure for humans may represent a novel approach of influencing food intake patterns and metabolism.”

The study group consisted of 10 healthy adults with regular sleep and eating schedules. They completed a four-day trial under dim light conditions ， which involved exposure to less than 20 lux during 16 hours awake and less than 3 lux during eight hours of sleep. On the thirdday they were exposed to three hours of 260 lux，blue-en- riched light starting 10.5 hours after waking up，and the effects were compared with dim light exposure.

Ivy Cheung said more research is needed to deter-mine the functions involved in the relationship between light exposure，hunger and metabolism.

1. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about ？

A. How blue light exposure affects hunger.

B. Why blue light exposure influences sleepiness.

C. What is the link between blue light exposure， hunger and sleepiness.

D. Who has found the effects of blue light expo-sure on hunger and sleepiness.

2. The underlined word“novel”in the third para-graph probably means“_______”.

A. unusual

B . unforgettable

C. temporary

D. controversial

3. What can we learn from the passage？

A. Blue light exposure can make us lose weight at night.

B. Blue light exposure has no effect on sleepless-ness.

C. The researchers drew their conclusion by com-parison.

D. Ivy Cheung has found the relationship between light exposure and hunger.

4. Where would you be most likely to find the pas-sage？

A. On a notice board.

B. In a health magazine.

C. On a business website.

D. In a college newspaper.

參考答案：1-4 CACB