推理判断题的常见考点

周慈民

考点一：考查因果关系的推断

因果关系的推断是推理判断题中考得比较多的一类。因果关系的推断有时只涉及一个或几个细节，有时涉及一个或几个段落，有时甚至涉及全文。一般说来，推断因果关系所涉及的内容越多，难度也就越大，考生越要仔细。

考点二：考查作者观点的推断

推断作者观点也是推理判断题中一类比较常见的考点。命题者要求考生根据阅读材料中的某些事实，推断出作者所持的观点或态度。考生在做这类题时，一定要注意作者在文中的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，以便推断出作者的弦外之音。

此类试题的干扰项通常具有以下特点：或是社会的一种普遍倾向，或是与本文无关的观点，或是与作者相反的看法等。

考点三：考查作者意图的推断

这里说的“作者意图”至少包括两个方面：一是指作者直接在文中透露出的意图，如提及某个细节的意图，列举某个例子的意图，等等：二是指作者写这篇文章的意图或想达到的目的。考生做这类题时，一定要结合文章主题进行推断，也就是说作者的意图原则上应与文章主题一致，而不能与之相悖。

考点四：考查隐含意义的推断

对隐含意义的推断是阅读理解题中难度较大的一类考点。命题者要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，进行合乎情理的推理与判断，从而得出文章的隐含意义和深层意义。对隐含意义的推测属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解，考生在做这类题时，一定要严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措辞、态度和语气，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词句，然后利用自己的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。

考点五：考查特定结论的推断

推理判断题除前面分析的四种推断之外，还有许多结论性的推断，即要求考生根据所读文章对某种结论做出推断。因为这类考题涉及面比较广，命题形式比较灵活，所以一并归人“特定结论的推断”。

推理判断题不仅要求考生读懂文章中每个句子的意思，还要推理它们之间的关系，然后结合自己的生活常识和经验，再通过逻辑推理和判断，理解文章的言外之意，从而揭示文章的深层含义。

推理判断题的答案不能在文章中直接找到，因此推理时考生务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，切忌妄加评论，把自己的观点当成作者的观点。

例题 （2017年高考英语北京卷 阅读理解D篇）

Hollywood's theory that machines with evil（邪惡） minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial in-telligence（ AI） may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener. who found-ed the field of cybemetics（控制论），put it this way：“If we use， to achieve our purposes，a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere（干预），we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.”

A machine with a specific purpose has another quality， one that we usually associate with living things： a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine， this quality is not in-born ， nor is it something introduced by humans；it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if itis dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruc-tion of fetching coffee ， it will have a strong desire to se- cure success by disabling its own off' switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful.then.we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined ， super intelligent ma-chines whose objectives conflict with our own，with the real world as the chessboard.

The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scien-tists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the ma-chines inside a kind of firewall，using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately ， that plan seems unlikely to work ： we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans， let alone super intelligent ma-chines.

Solying the safety problem well enough to move for-ward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dis-missed out of hand. as it has been by some AI re-searchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams|——yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just“switch them off” as if super in-telligent machines are too stupid to think of that possi-bility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11 ， 1933 ， famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated.with confidence， “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However，on September 12 ， 1933 ， physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced （中子诱导） nuclear chain reaction.

67. Paragraph l mainly tells us that artif'icial intel-ligence may_______.

A. run out of human control

B. satisfy humans real desires

C. command armies of killer robots

D. work faster than a mathematician

68. Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to

A. prevent themselves from being destroyed

B. achieve their original goals independently

C. do anything successfully with given orders

D. beat humans in intemational chess matches

69. According to some re searchers ， we can use fire-walls to_______.

A. help super intelligent machines work better

B. be secure against evil human beings

C. keep machines from being harmed

D. avoid robotsaffecting the world

70. What does the author think of the safety prob-lem of super intelligent machines？

A. It will disappear with the development of AI.

B. It will get worse with human interference.

C. It will be solved but with difficulty.

D. It will stay for a decade.

答案與解析

67.特定结论推断题。根据第一段可推断出，AI可能会超出人的控制去做一些事情。选A。

68.因果关系推断题。根据第二段的第一句可推断出，原因是它要保护自己不被破坏，继续存在下去。选A。

69.隐含意义推断题。根据第三段的第二句可推断出，可以用防火墙来阻止机器人影响世界。选D。

70.作者观点推断题。根据最后一段的第一句可知，作者认为解决超智能机器存在的安全隐患是可能的，但是并不容易。选C。