细节理解题的命题方式

杨富章

一、细节描写题

细节描写题，常常考查考生对文中有关人物动作、思想感情、心理活动、观点，或事件的起因、发展、过程、结果等方面的理解。这类描写信息往往比较直接，一般不需要考生对它们进行比较深入的理解。对于这类题，考生一般可以直接从原文中找到与题目相对应的有关信息。

例1 （第一段和第二段略）

To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds，the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren， another species of Australian song-bird. First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes.A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks， ranking them by similarity.

It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms. And the more fre-quently mothers had called to their eggs， the more simi-lar were the babies ' begging calls. In ad-dition ， the team set up a separate experi- ment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their moms voice were rewarded with the most food.

This observation hints that effectiveembryonic leaming could signal neuro-logical（神经系统的）strengths of chil-dren to parents. An evolutionary infer- ence can then be drawn.“As a parent， do you invest in quality children ， or do you invest in children that are in need？ ” Kleindorfer asks. “Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.”

59. What are Kleindorfers findings based on？

A. Similarities between the calls of moms and chicks.

B. The observation of fairy wrens across Australia.

C. The data collected from Queenslands locals.

D. Controlled experiments on wrens and other hirds.

60. Embryonic leaming helps mother birds to iden-tify the baby birds which_____.

A. can receive quality signals

B. are in need of training

C. fit the environment better

D.make the loudest call

59.細节描写题。根据第三段的最后一句可知，A项正确。

60.细节描写题。根据第四段的最后一句和最后一段的最后一句可知，胎教帮助母鸟辨别出那些适应环境较好的孩子，C项正确。

二、信息寻找题

信息寻找题一般在应用文体中较常见，大多以阅读广告、公告、演出海报、车船或航班时间表等形式呈现。这类阅读材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能满足各种人对信息的需求。但是，在高考试题中，常常是就某一方面提问，考生完全没有必要从头到尾仔细阅读，因为材料中有很多冗余的无效信息。做此类题时，考生宜采用“题干定位法”，即先阅读题干，然后根据问题要求，有针对性地阅读相关部分，快速寻找有效信息。

例2

Pacific Science Center Guide

◆Visit Pacific Science Center's Store

Don't forget to stop by Pacific Science Center's Store while you are here to pick up a wonderful science activity or souvenir to remember your visit. The store is located（位于）upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome.

（第二段和第三段略）

◆Support Pacific Science Center

Since 1962. Pacific Science Center has been in-spiring a passion（热情）for discovery and lifelong learn-ing in science， math and technology. Today， Pacific Sci-ence Center serves more than l.3 million people a year and brings inquiry-based science education to class-rooms and community events all over Washington State. Its an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals， cor-porations， and other social organizations. Visit pacific- sciencecenter.org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center.

21. Where can you buy a souvenir at Pacific Sci-ence Center？

A. In Building 1.

B.In Building 3.

C.At the Laser Dome.

D. At the Denny Way entrance.

22. What does Pacific Science Center do for schools？

A. Train science teachers.

B. Distribute science books.

C.Inspire scientific research.

D. Take science to the classroom.

21.信息尋找题。根据第一段的最后一句可知，Pacific Science Center的购物点在Laser Dome旁边的3号楼的楼上。选B_

22.信息寻找题。根据第四段的第二句可知，现在Pacific Science Center每年向130多万人提供服务，并开始把探究式科学教育带到华盛顿州的教室和社区活动中。选D。

三、数据计算题

此类试题一般要求考生能根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，找出计算关系，通过计算得出正确答案。这类计算一般来说比较简单，关键是要弄清各数据之间的逻辑关系，选准比较的数据，弄清单位换算关系，确定计算方法，问题便可迎刃而解。对数据较多、项目复杂、所用时间或空间跨度较大的短文，通常可采用“列表法”，即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出，化模糊为清晰，为计算打下基础。对相对不太复杂的数据，可采用“推算法”，即以有关数据为基准，进行简单的运算就可得出答案。

例3

Tuition Fees（学费）

Tuition f'ees are different from department to de-partment， generally from $5， 000 to $6， 000 a year. For further information：tui@waikato.ac.nz.

Accommodation（住宿）

You can have a room in a 4-bedroom flat. which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further informa-tion： acc@waikato.ac.nz.

You have to pay at least_____a year if you study at the University of Waikato.

A.$5，250

B.$8，000

C.$9，000

D.$11，000

解析：数据计算题。该短文是介绍Waikato大学的广告。从以上阅读材料可知，在那儿学习一年最少需要的费用是：$5，000（学费）+$100（住宿费）x12 （months） +$150（生活费）x12 （months） =$8，000。选B。