❷频度副词那些事儿
2018-04-02江西邱世才
江西 邱世才
◎用法梳理
often、always、usually、sometimes、seldom、hardly、never等词是频度副词的主要成员,表示某一动作或某一情况在单位时间内发生的次数。对这类副词的考查,已成为中考的主要考点。
一、频度副词表示的“频率”
always(总是;一直)>usually(通常)>often(常常)>sometimes(有时)>seldom(很少)>hardly(几乎不;简直不)>never(从不)
上面是频度副词表示动作发生频率的大小排序。具体来说:
1.always意为“总是;一直”,在频度副词家庭中可是频率最大或最高的词,相当于100%,表示动作重复,状态继续,中间从来没有间断,没有例外。例如:
The sun always rises in the east and sets in the west.太阳总是东边升起西边落下。
【知识拓展】
always与all the time都有“总是;一直”的意思。always是一般现在时态的“信息标志词”,always与现在进行时态结合,表示经常性或反复性的动作,表示说话人的某种感情,如赞扬、批评、厌烦等。all the time是固定短语,表示某个特定阶段的开始一直到结束,不表示频度,通常放在句末。例如:
①He is always helping us.他总是帮助我们。(表示赞赏)
②You are always giving me trouble.你总是给我添麻烦。(表示厌烦)
③The students listened to the teacher carefully all the time.学生们一直认真听老师讲课。
2.usually意为“通常”,频率仅次于always,相当于most often。指习惯性动作,偶尔有间隔,即很少有例外,其表示的频率相当于85%左右。例如:
He usually goes to bed at ten o’clock.他通常在10点钟上床睡觉。
3.often意为“时常;经常”,表示动作发生的次数具有经常性的特点,中间有间断,频率比usually要小,但比sometimes大,表示的频率约为70%左右。例如:
The boy is often late for school.这名男孩上学经常迟到。
4.sometimes意为“有时;偶尔”,表示发生的频率较小,动作偶尔发生,相当于30%的频率。例如:
Sometimes he does it in this way and sometimes he does it in that way.他有时这样做,有时那样做。
【知识拓展】
sometimes表示发生的频率较小,表示动作发生的不经常性。对该词在书写上要十分小心,若写成some times则成了“好几次”,是名词词组,相当于several times,常与过去时或完成时态连用。例如:
I has read this story some times.这个故事我读过好几次了。
5.seldom意为“很少”,是否定词,与often相对,表达的次数有但很少。例如:
Lin Tao likes traveling.He seldom stays at home during holidays.林涛喜欢旅游,在假期期间他很少待在家里。
6.hardly意为“几乎不”,常用于一般现在时态或一般过去时中,常与ever相连表示强调。hardly ever所表示的频率仅为10%左右,相当于seldom。例如:
I hardly ever go out these days.这些天我几乎不出门。
【知识拓展】
hard用作副词与hardly的词义有区别。hardly是副词,但不是hard的副词形式,hard的副词是本身,意为“努力地”,而hardly相当于一个否定词,它本身含有否定意义,不应当再加否定词。例如:
①He works hard.他努力工作。
②He hardly works.他几乎不工作。
7.never意为“从不;永不”,表示发生的频率几乎为零。通常情况下,句子中用了never,就不再用含有否定意义的not、no、nothing等词。例如:
My parents are never late for work.我父母上班从来不迟到。
二、频度副词在句子的“位置”
频度副词在句子中的位置有着共同的特点:一般放在系动词be、助动词、情态动词之后,或行为动词之前,即“行之前,系助后”。例如:
① He always comes to school on time.He’s never late.他总是按时到校,从不迟到。
②I can never forget it.我永远忘不了这件事。
③I usually go to school by bike,but sometimes I walk there.我通常骑自行车上学,但有时步行。
频度副词sometimes可以用于句首、句中或句尾。为了强调,频度副词放在句子开头的情况较多。例如:
④Sometimes I go to bed very late./I sometimes go to bed very late.有时我很晚才睡觉。
⑤I often go to school by bike,but I go to school by bus sometimes.我经常骑自行车上学,但有时乘公共汽车去。
never、hardly ever、seldom等表示否定意义的词(组)位于句首时,句子要用倒装语序。例如:
Seldom does he go out for dinner.他很少出去吃晚饭。
三、对频度副词“提问”的用词
对表示频度的时间副词提问,要用how often(多久一次),以询问某动作在单位时间内所进行某个动作的次数。例如:
①—How often is your sister late for school?你妹妹上学多久迟到一次?
—Sometimes.有时。
②—How often does Chen Hua watch TV?陈华多久时间去看一次电视?
—Three times a week.一周三次。
【知识拓展】
1.how many times(多少次)是how often的同义短语,但其后面常常跟限定的时间,如how many times a week/a day/a month/a year等,回答时要明确次数。how many times的答语通常是once、twice、three times等表示具体次数的词或短语,此时与how often区别不太明显。对具体次数进行提问时,两者均可用,但对often、usually、always、sometimes、never等副词提问时常用how often。例如:
① —How often can you go to the movie?你多久去看去一场电影?
— Once a week/Three times a month.一周一次/一个月三次。
②—How many times a week do you play basketball?你一周打几次篮球?
—I play basketball twice a week.我一周打两次篮球。
2.“次数”的表达方法,除了“一次”once和“两次”twice的表达式特殊外,其余的“次数”均由“基数词+times”构成,如:three times三次,ten times十次。
◎真题例析
1.—I heard you made a new family rule“Put away your phone while at home.”
—Yes,we were ___________busy checking our mobile phones before,but now we enjoy communicating with our family.
【2017·东营中考题】
A.always B.never
C.seldom D.sometimes
【答案与解析】A句意:——“我听说你制订了一条新家规“在家时收起手机”。——是的,我们之前总是忙于查看手机,但是现在我们很喜欢和家人交流。
2.—Would you like some green tea?
—No,thanks.I__________drink green tea.It hurts my stomach.
【2017·南京中考题】
A.almost B.seldom
C.only D.still
【答案与解析】B 根据答语中的“它伤胃”可推断,“我很少喝绿茶”,故所缺少的词语是seldom。
3.We’ll have to say goodbye,my dear friends!But I will___________forget the days we spent together.
【2017·重庆中考题】
A.always B.often
C.never D.usually
【答案与解析】C 句意:我们不得不说再见了,但是我将永远不会忘记我们在一起的日子。关键词But表示转折,由此可知此处要的是一个表否定的词,A、B、D三项均表肯定意义,故选C项。
4.—Joan has made great progress in speaking Chinese.
—She __________works hard at it,you know.
【2017·福建中考题】
A.never B.seldom C.always
【答案与解析】C句意:——琼在说汉语方面取得了巨大的进步。——你知道的,她一直在努力学习汉语。never“从不”,seldom“很少”,always“总是”。故选C项。
◎巩固自测
一、根据句意,从A、B、C、D四个选项中选择最佳答案。
1.—Miss Lin is very popular among the students.
—Yes.Her classes are __________lively and interesting.
A.always B.sometimes
C.hardly D.never
2.—Do you __________hold such parties?
—Yes.Every Saturday evening.
A.always B.usually
C.often D.hardly
3.You ___________ever saw computers ten years ago,but now they are everywhere.
A.sometimes B.usually
C.hardly D.almost
4.My cousin wants to keep slim.She does exercise every morning and __________eats meat.
A.seldom B.always
C.usually D.often
5.I___________go to the theater,because I don’t like operas at all.
A.always B.often
C.sometimes D.never
二、情景填词。
根据句意,选用always、usually、often、sometimes、seldom、hardly或never填空,每词只用一次。
6.My brother ___________goes to work by bike,but__________he walks to work.
7.—English is ___________too difficult for me.I can’t learn it well.
—Don’t give up.Nothing is difficult if you work hard.
8.—How __________does Mr.Green go to the cinema?
—___________.I don’t think he likes seeing a film.
9.—Do you often go fishing with your father?
—No, __________.I don’t like fishing at all.
10.Zhou Teng has learned English for many years,but he can __________understand the English speakers.