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ABCD2评分法和ABC2D2评分法对短暂性脑缺血发作后卒中风险的预测价值比较

2018-01-29王为强宇辉赵宾

中国医药导报 2017年35期
关键词:短暂性脑缺血发作脑卒中预测

王为强+宇辉+赵宾

[摘要] 目的 探讨ABCD2评分法和ABC2D2评分法对短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)后卒中风险的预测价值。 方法 分别按照ABCD2评分、ABC2D2评分法将安徽医科大学附属宿州市立医院2014年3月~2016年9月收治的139例TIA患者分为低危、中危、高危三组,并观察7 d、1年之内的脑卒中发生率,评价两种评分对TIA患者进行卒中风险的分层能力;通过ROC曲线下面积比较两种评分对TIA后7 d、1年内发生脑卒中风险的预测价值。 结果 按ABCD2评分分为低危组(0~3分)37例、中危组(4~5分)86例和高危组(6~7分)16例,其7 d内发生脑卒中风险概率分别为5.41%、26.74%和56.25%,其1年內发生脑卒中风险概率分别为13.51%、40.70%和68.75%,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。按ABC2D2评分分为低危组(0~3分)24例、中危组(4~6分)78例和高危组(7~9分)37例,其7 d内发生脑卒中风险概率分别为0.00%、16.67%和56.76%,其1年内发生脑卒中风险概率分别为4.17%、30.77%和70.27%,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。ABC2D2评分法预测TIA患者7 d(1年)内脑卒中风险的ROC曲线下面积均高于ABCD2,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。 结论 ABC2D2评分法的预测价值高于ABCD2评分法,是预测TIA后卒中风险的一种比较有效的方法。

[关键词] 短暂性脑缺血发作;脑卒中;ABCD2;ABC2D2;预测

[中图分类号] R743 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2017)12(b)-0054-04

[Abstract] Objective To explore the predictive value of ABCD2 criteria and ABC2D2 criteria method for stroke risk in transient ischemic attack (TIA). Methods One hundred and thirty-nine patients with TIA from March 2014 to September 2016 in Suzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University were divided into low risk, moderate risk and high risk group according to ABCD2 and ABC2D2 criteria, the incidence of stroke in 7 d and 1 year was observed. The stratification of the risk of stroke risk in patients with TIA was evaluated. The prediction value of the risk of stroke in 7 d, 1 year after TIA was compared under the ROC curve (AUC). Results According to the ABCD2 criteria, the patients were divided into 37 cases of low-risk group (0-3 points), 86 cases of middle-risk group (4-5 points) and 16 cases of high-risk group (6-7 points). The risk of stroke in 7 days was 5.41%, 26.74% and 56.25%, the risk of stroke in 1 year was 13.51%, 40.70% and 68.75%, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). According to the ABC2D2 criteria, the patients were divided into 24 cases of low-risk group (0-3 points), 78 cases of middle-risk group (4-6 points) and 37 cases of high-risk group (7-9 points). The risk of stroke in 7 d was 0.00%, 16.67% and 56.76%, the risk of stroke in 1 year was 4.17%, 30.77% and 70.27%, the differences were statistically significance (P < 0.05). ABC2D2 criteria were used to predict that the area of the ROC curve of the risk of stroke in patients with TIA in 7 d (1 year) was higher than that of ABCD2, the differences were statistically significance (P < 0.05). Conclusion The prediction value of ABC2D2 criteria is higher than that of the ABCD2 scoring method, which is a more effective method to predict the risk of stroke after TIA.endprint

[Key words] Transient ischemic attack; Stroke; ABCD2; ABC2D2; Prediction

短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)具有较高的卒中危险性,是临床常见病症。目前常用ABCD2评分法预测对TIA后短期卒中危险,一般在2~90 d,而应用ABC2D2评分法对TIA后的长期卒中危险的评价研究相对较少[1-2]。近年研究表明颈动脉粥样硬化是TIA后卒中的独立危险因素[3-4]。因此将ABCD2+颈动脉粥样硬化(ABCD2+carotid atherosclerosise,ABC2D2)联合应用于临床,对宿州市立医院(以下简称“我院”)治疗的TIA患者共139例进行了为期1年的随访,观察其对TIA后7 d、1年内发生脑卒中的预测价值。现报道如下:

1 对象与方法

1.1 研究对象

选择2014年3月~2016年9月在我院治疗的139例TIA患者,其中,男89例,女50例,年龄34~80岁,平均(61±5)岁。

纳入标准:①2009年6月美国心脏协会(AHA)/美国卒中协会(ASA)发表科学声明中的定义[5],且经头颅MRI证实;②年龄≥18岁;③均完成颈部血管彩超检查。排除标准:①其他非血管性原因如脑肿瘤、脑外伤、颅内感染性疾病等造成的类TIA发作;②不能行头颅MRI患者;③不能配合完成1年随访者。

1.2 颈动脉粥样硬化检查

颈动脉粥样硬化检查由专门的血管超声医生完成。颈动脉内膜至中层厚度>1.2 mm,为动脉粥样硬化斑块形成,此为斑块组,达不到上述标准为无斑块组。根据回声高低将斑块组分为软斑、混合斑及硬斑。其中硬斑为稳定斑块,软斑和混合性斑块为不稳定斑块。颈动脉狭窄程度评估:找出最大斑块,用最大斑块的横截面积/该处血管的横截面积×100%,所得值为颈动脉狭窄程度。

1.3 ABC2D2评分法

ABCD2评分法及ABC2D2评分法的评分标准见表1。依据ABCD2评分将TIA患者分为高危(6~7分)、中危(4~5分)、低危(0~3分)三组;依据ABC2D2评分将TIA患者分为高危(7~9分)、中危(4~6分)、低危(0~3分)三组。

1.4 脑卒中的评估方法

采取电话随访和门诊随访的形式,以病程7 d、1年为时间点按照第四届脑血管病学术会议通过的诊断标准观察患者是否发生脑卒中(包括缺血性脑卒中和出血性脑卒中)。

1.5 统计学方法

应用统计软件SPSS 17.0进行统计。两种评分法的临床价值比较应用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC),并进行Z检验。计数资料组间分析用χ2检验。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 ABCD2评分和ABC2D2评分不同危险组中TIA患者7 d、1年内脑卒中风险

139例TIA患者7 d内发生脑卒中者34例,占总病例数的24.46%;1年内发生脑卒中者51例,占总病例数的36.69%。依据ABCD2评分,低危、中危、高危组7 d、1年内发生脑卒中的发生率呈升高趋势,且差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。依据ABC2D2评分,低危、中危、高危组7 d、1年内发生脑卒中的发生率呈升高趋势,且差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表2。

2.2 ABCD2、ABC2D2评分法预测TIA患者7 d、1年内脑卒中风险的临床价值比较

ABCD2、ABC2D2评分法预测TIA患者7 d内脑卒中风险的ROC曲线下面积(95%CI)分别为0.692(0.586~0.797)和0.848(0.783~0.913)(Z = 2.465,P = 0.014,图1)。ABCD2、ABC2D2评分法预测TIA患者1年内脑卒中风险的ROC曲线下面积(95%CI)分别为0.696(0.605~0.787)和0.893(0.841~0.944)(Z = 3.728, P = 0.000,图2)。

3 讨论

TIA后卒中风险明显增高,本研究发现139例TIA患者7 d内发生脑卒中风险为24.46%;1年内发生脑卒中风险为36.69%。这远高于国内外研究报道[6-16],其原因可能与本研究对象以住院患者为主,且病情相对较重。建立TIA后卒中风险的预测评估模型有利于对TIA患者的管理,指导临床医生采取更积极有效的预防策略,从而降低TIA后的卒中风险。

本研究发现ABCD2评分法不但可预测TIA后短期(7 d)卒中风险,还可预测TIA后长期(1年)卒中风险,根据ABCD2评分将患者分为低危、中危、高危组,7 d(1年)内发生脑卒中的风险均呈明显升高趋势,且有显著差异(P < 0.05)。这表明对TIA高危患者不仅要加强急性期的治疗,还要加强二级预防,但ABCD2评分法预测7 d及1年卒中风险的ROC曲线下面积均在0.7以下,预测价值较低,有待进一步改良。

有研究认为动脉硬化不稳定斑块及血管狭窄是TIA进展至脑梗死的主要病因之一[17-19]。脑血流中的微栓子主要来源于斑块,尤其是不稳定斑块,更容易脱落形成微栓子,血管源性的微栓子脱落,阻塞小动脉出现缺血而表现为TIA或脑梗死。血管轻度狭窄对脑供血影响较小,当狭窄超过50%甚至70%以上,则会影响血流动力学,导致低灌注性TIA的发生[20]。目前普遍认为颈动脉粥样病变是脑出血的病变基础[21]。故ABCD2评分结合患者颈动脉粥样硬化有可能进一步提高预测的准确性。本研究验证了这一推测,结果发现ABC2D2评分法预测7 d及1年卒中风险的ROC曲线下面积均分别明显高于ABCD2评分法(P < 0.05)。同時根据ABC2D2评分法将患者分为低危、中危、高危组,7 d(1年)内发生脑卒中的风险也呈明显升高趋势(P < 0.05)。故ABC2D2评分法是临床上预测TIA患者短期脑卒中风险的一种比较有效的方法,且优于ABCD2评分法。endprint

目前頸部血管彩超检查已在基层广泛普及。根据本研究结果,对TIA患者一定要行颈部血管彩超检查,联合应用ABCD2对所有的TIA患者进行评分,对高危患者采取更积极有效的治疗和二级预防策略。本研究存在一些局限性,首先本研究样本量较小,随访时间相对较短,其次所有患者虽在住院期间接受了规范的急性期治疗,出院后部分患者依从性差,未采用规范合理的二级预防治疗,这可能会影响卒中发生率。因此,本研究结果尚需进一步研究证实。

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(收稿日期:2017-10-18 本文編辑:张瑜杰)endprint

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