被动语态六大重难点

陈慈明+龚磊

英語的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者， 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。只有及物动词或含及物意义的短语动词才能转换成被动语态。作为高考英语中一个重要的考点，被动语态是一个综合性比较强的考点。在许多情况下，被动语态会与时态、主谓一致、情态动词考点等综合在一起进行考查。笔者在此为同学们梳理被动语态应注意的六大重难点。

[被动语态的不同时态]

被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成，句中人称、数和时态都通过be体现。近年来，各地高考试题中，对被动语态时态的考查，主要体现在结合上下文，根据语境和文中时间状语的提示来判断究竟用何种时态的被动语态。。

1. 一般过去时的被动语态

例1 So it was a great honor to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base， where ticket money helps pay for research. I _________ （arrow） to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre.

解析 was allowed。句意为：我被允许接近这些可爱的动物。根据上下文可知，事情发生在过去，应使用过去时态，I与allow之间应为被动关系，故而答案应为一般过去时的被动语态。

例2 Steam engines _________ （use） to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly （fair） unpleasant for the passengers， with all the smoke and noise.

解析 were used。考查被动语态。句意为蒸汽发动机“被用于”拉货物，故填were used。

2. 一般现在时的被动语态

例3 Nowadays， cycling， along with jogging and swimming， _________ as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.

A. regard B. is regarded

C. are regarded D. regards

解析 B。句意：现在骑自行车、慢跑和游泳被认为是最全面的锻炼方式之一。根据动词短语regard ... as ... （把……看作……）和句意确定应该用被动语态，排除A和D；由介词短语along with连接的三个名词作主语，谓语动词应该与cycling一致，确定用单数。

例4 Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required to process （process） the food that we eat， to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. When fat and salt _________ （remove） from food， the food tastes as if is missing something.

解析 are removed。句意：当脂肪和盐被从食物移除时，食物尝起来就像是失去了什么一样。整句话为现在时，根据句意语态应为被动，故答案为are removed。

3. 完成时的被动语态

例5 In the 1950s in the USA， most families had just one phone at home， and wireless phones _________ yet.

A. havent invented

B. havent been invented

C. hadnt invented

D. hadnt been invented

解析 D。考查时态。句意：在美国20世纪50年代的时候，大多数的家庭家里只有一部电话，并且无线电话还没有发明出来。根据句意可知用被动语态，排除A和C；事情发生在过去，排除B。

4. 进行时的被动语态

例6 He hurried home， never once looking back to see if he _________.

A. was being followed B. was following

C. had been followed D. followed

解析 A。句意：他急着回家，都不回头看看有没有人在跟着他。结合时态和语义，此处应该使用过去进行时的被动语态。

[包含情态动词的被动语态]

包含情态动词的被动语态，由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。如：

The problem may be solved in a number of different ways.

In our school， library books must be returned in two weeks.

例7 Chopsticks are usually two long， thin pieces of wood or bamboo. They can also be made of plastic， animal bone or metal. Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Truly elegant chopsticks might _________ （make） of gold and silver with Chinese characters.endprint

解析 be made。考查固定詞组sth. be made of“由……制成”，情态动词后面跟动词原形，故填 be made。句意：真正高雅的筷子或许是以金银为原料，做成带有中国元素的样子。

此外，情态动词含可以和完成时的被动语态连用，构成“情态动词+have been done”的结构，可以表示对过去的事情的推测。

例8 I was wearing a seatbelt. If I hadnt been wearing one， I _________.

A. were injured B. would be injured

C. had been injured D. would have been injured

解析 D。句意：我当时系着安全带。如果我没有系安全带，我就会受伤。根据if条件句用的had done，可知，主句用would have done表示对过去情况的虚拟，而且I和injure是被动关系。

[get+done构成的短语]

get+done能用于被动结构和系表结构。用于被动结构时，它强调动作的发生；用于系表结构时，它强调状态的变化。get+done用来表示状态或情况时，常用的短语有get lost，get drunk，get caught/stuck/trapped，get dressed等。

例9 ... and yet find it impossible to say no？ Do you find yourself getting impatient or _________ （annoy） with people over unimportant things？

解析 annoyed。考查形容词。annoyed是由过去分词转换而来的形容词，通常修饰人。本句中该词和impatient并列，与系动词get构成系表结构。

[非谓语动词的被动结构]

非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词，其中不定式、动名词、现在分词表示主动意义。当这三类非谓语动词的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，要使用相应的被动结构，在句子中充当表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等成分。

非谓语动词被动结构的形式如下：

1. 不定式一般式的被动语态，由to be+done构成。如：

She asked to be given some work to do.

He was the last person to be asked to speak.

2. 不定式完成式的被动语态，由to have been done构成。如：

I should like to have been told the result earlier.

3. 现在分词一般式的被动语态，由being+done构成。如：

I saw him being taken away.

Being protected by a wall， he felt quite safe.

4. 现在分词完成式的被动语态，由having been done构成。如：

Having been invited to speak，Ill start making preparations tomorrow.

The subject having been opened，he had to go on with it.

5. 动名词一般式的被动语态，由“being+过去分词”构成。如：

She likes being looked at.

He hates being made a fool of.

This question is far from being settled.

6. 动名词完成式的被动语态，由having been done构成。如：

Jennys not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret.

After having been instructed to drive out of town，I began to acquire confidence.

例10 _________ over a week ago， the books are expected to arrive any time now.

A. Ordering B. To order

C. Having ordered D. Ordered

解析 D。考查过去分词作状语。句意：那些书是一周多之前订的，现在随时有可能送到。Books和order是动宾关系，即order books/books are ordered，故用过去分词表示被动和完成。

同学们还应注意一些含有过去分词的固定搭配，如all things considered（从整体来看），as expected（正如预料的那样），given that/provided that ...（假设……）等。

[主动表示被动的用法]

在一些固定结构和句型中，尽管是主动结构但却可以表达被动含义。

1. 在need，want，require，deserve，bear等动词，worth等形容词的后面，动名词的主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。

The house needs repairing/to be repaired.

2. 在某些“主语（人/物）+be+形容词+不定式”中不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。

The problem is difficult to work out.

3. be to rent/blame/let用主动形式表示被动意义。

Who is to blame for the mistake？

The houses are to let.

[不用于被动语态的动词]

有些特殊动词不能用作被动语态。

1. 系动词类，如look，seem，feel，taste，sound，prove，appear等。

Your idea sounds great.

2. 表示主语特征的词，如read，wash，write，sell，wear，lock等，常与not，hardly，well，easily，badly，nicely等副词连用。

This kind of cloth washes easily.

总之，只要彻底搞清楚被动语态的基本结构和常考用法，再认真审题，找准动词的主语，确定好动词的单复数，就能够在高考的被动语态类题目中百战百胜，取得理想的成绩。endprint