例谈如何讲评初三英语完形填题
2018-01-26殷卫娟
殷卫娟
【内容摘要】初三英语完型填空题讲评存在忽视学生问题解决、忽视学生能力提升问题。本文以讲评2017年南通市中考英语完型填空为例,从分析试卷、分析学生、分析学生练习中产生的问题及问题的突破,和同行们探讨完型填空的讲评方法,以提高学生阅读能力,促进学生思维发展。
【关键词】完型填空 问题 能力
由于完型填空讲评需要时间多,部分教师常一题题给学生答案,讲解文章中文意思,仅仅达到一个疏通的效果,而不能再讲评过程中不断提升学生思考能力,提高阅读水平。因此,在历年英语中考中,一直出现学生完型填空大量失分现象,让人觉得可惜。针对这一现状,笔者从本班学生完型填空讲评作为研究对象,和广大教师探讨初三英语完型填空题讲评方法。
一、试卷内容分析
2017年南通市英语中考试卷中的完型填空是一篇故事类记叙文,它讲述了一个小男孩乔治和他妈妈很穷,冬天没有火取暖,妈妈让乔治去树林捡木材。乔治在溪流边发现了些草莓。虽然他很想吃,但他忍住了,带给了生病的妈妈。故事最后说Could the eating of the strawberries have given George half the happiness he felt at the moment? 点明文章主题。
二、存在问题及突破方式
文章讲评的重点落在何处,应该根据学情来定。笔者根据本班学生完成情况,确定文章的讲评方法。学生在阅读的过程中存在以下问题:
问题一:缺乏整体把握文章的能力
文章整体把握是指文章内容的整体把握和对文章主旨的正确领悟。这篇文章一开始并没有说明乔治妈妈生病,只是介绍George's mother was very poor. 学生常有的思维就是他妈妈很穷。文章直到最后才表明:Just as he had thrown down his wood, he heard his mother's weak voice from her bedroom. “I am thirsty, and longing for some tea.” 这段话表明妈妈病得非常严重,连水都不能自己倒。第一句中的单词poor,不仅仅是“穷”,而且是“病得很重,很可怜”。
突破方法:追问的形式引领思考,领悟主旨
对于这一能力的缺失,教师在讲评试卷时,不宜一题题讲解或一题题报答案。笔者一般采用的方法是先避开题目,用不断追问的形式去激发学生思考,去浏览全文。
教师可以让学生先读第一小节,读完后,教师可以提问:
George's mother was very poor. How? Why?
文章第一句很关键,是文章的“眼睛”,隐含很丰富的内涵。学生要回答这问题,他必须得浏览全文。其实,这也是做完型填空的第一步:浏览全文,掌握文章大意。
学生在了解了乔治的妈妈是因为生重病而卧床不起,教师再追问:
What does the word Poor really mean?
学生理解了poor应该是“非常可怜贫困”后,才能充分理解乔治从一开始的“想吃掉草莓”到“和妈妈各吃一般”到“全部留给妈妈”的心理变化。
故事最后妈妈含着泪问乔治:You save them for me, did you?
这句话在文章中也出现过,是乔治自己问自己:Shall I save them for her?
这两句话很有深意。教师可以追问:save什么意思?两句话分别表达了怎样的情感?
句中单词save“省下”来给妈妈吃的意思,因为乔治本身还是个孩子,草莓对他有着很大的诱惑力,但他仍能忍住“馋”,把草莓省了下来,体现了一个小男孩对妈妈的一片深情, 令人感动。
深刻理解了文本内容后,题目中的23题和28题也就迎刃而解了。23题是乔治想到了妈妈,停止往嘴里送草莓,而是把草莓放了回去;28题是乔治离家越近,就越不想吃草莓,因为他爱妈妈,他想全部给妈妈吃,让妈妈恢复精神。
完型填空是英语阅读中的“精读”,教师在评讲的时候,要带着学生不断深入文本的内涵,通过分析、推断去领悟作者隐含的情感和观点,通过作者共鸣,来丰富自己,达到超越文本的目的。
问题二:缺乏生活常识
英语阅读的另一个难点就是阅读不仅仅考查英语知识,还考查学生各方面的素养,包括生活常识等。
本文的第26题就是生活常识题。当乔治决定把草莓省给妈妈吃后,按照常理,他应该把草莓放好。因为是炎热的天气,他还要有段时间才能,他应该把草莓盖好,否则会晒坏。而学生选择“clean”, 显然是缺乏生活常识。
突破方法:有效课外阅读,积累生活经验
读万卷书,走万里路。学生自身生活经历有限,课外阅读可以很好地丰富学生生活,是对学生单调生活的有效补充。另外,新课标也明确规定初三学生的课外阅读量是15万字,如何科学有效引领学生课外阅读是一个很值得研究的课题。
台上一分钟,台下十年功,英语中考阅读考试也一样。一篇完型填空不仅仅考一篇文章,而是考查学生长期以来的阅读积累,包括知识、技能积累,当然也包括阅读对学生人生观、价值观的浸润。
三、完型填空讲评后注意事项
完型填空讲解完后,教师要注意以下两点:
1. 给学生再思考的时间
建议学生反复再读文本,消化领悟文本的内涵或对文本中不易理解的部分进行摘抄积累,都非常必要。
2. 同类题再练
完型填空一般都是故事類哲理性故事,反复练习,帮助学生掌握文章整体,把握主旨,理清文章脉络。量变到质变,一旦转变成学生的思维习惯,阅读能力也就自然而然提高了。endprint
结束语
对于教师而言,阅读讲评是最有弹性的板块,教师可以花很少的时间和心思去研究,文章讲通就行;教师也可以花大量的时间去研究,把阅读讲评讲得非常精彩深透。
但对于学生而言,意义完全不一样。前者的阅读讲评只能让学生知道选什么,但很难领悟为什么,更难在阅读讲评的过程中,心灵被震撼、情感被激发、兴趣被调动;而后者能使学生在教师讲解的过程中,不仅是注意力,还有自身的情感,也不由自主地被带入文本中,讲评结束后,不仅是对文本的通透,更有对乔治的深刻印象,对孝心的理解和感动。这样的阅读讲评是学生喜欢的,更对课外延伸阅读产生积极影响。
附2017年南通市中考完型填空
George's mother was very poor.Instead of having bright blazing(熊熊燃烧的) fires in winter, she had 16 to burn.George had to pick up dry 17 from under the trees.
y in July,sy in July,she sent George to the woods.He was to stay there all day to get as much wood as he could.He worked very hard so that by the time the sun was high,he was hot,and wished for a 19 place where he might rest for a while and eat his dinner.
While he hunted around the bank of the a stream,he saw among the moss(苔藓)some fine wild 20 ,which were a bright red with ripeness(成熟).
“How good these will be with my bread and butter!”thought George.Lining(垫在……里)his little cap with 21 ,he set to work eagerly(急切地)to gather all he could find.He felt happy and thought how much his mother would like to see him there,and to be there herself instead of in her dark 22 .
George thought of all this and just as he was lifting the first strawberry to his mouth,he said to himself,“How much Mom would like these!” He stopped and 23 the atrawberry again.
“Shall I save them for her?”said George,thinking how much they would refresh her,yet 24 looking at them with a longing eye.“I will eat half and take the other half to her,”said he at last and he 25 them into two piles.But each pile looked so small that he put them together again.
“I will keep them all for Mom,”said he and he 26 them up nicely till he should go home.
When the sun was beginning to sink.George set out for home.How happy he felt then,that he had all his strawberries for his 27 mother.The nearer he came to his home,the 28 he wished to taste them.
Just as he had thrown down his wood,he heard his mother's weak voice from her bedroom.“I am 29 ,and longing for some tea.”
George ran in to her and joyfully offered the strawberries.“You 30 them for me,did you? ” said Mom,laying her hand gently on his head,while tears stood in her eyes.
Could the eating of the strawberries have given George half the happiness he felt at the moment?
( )20. A.apples B.strawberries C.tomatoes D.carrots
( )21. A.scarves B.leaves C.coats D.sweaters
( )22. A.kitchen B.study C.yard D.bedroom
( )23. A.ate up B.gave away C.put back D.turned over
( )24. A.never B.also C.hardly D.still
( )25. A.divided B.threw C.turned D.cut
( )26. A.cleaned B.covered C.put D.lifted
( )27. A.serious B.strong C.sick D.silly
( )28. A.more B.less C.later D.sooner
( )29. A.thirsty B.hungry C.sleepy D.busy
( )30. A.bought B.saved C.borrowed D.stole
【參考文献】
[1] 中华人民共和国教育部.《义务教育英语课程标准》 (2011年版) [M] 北京师范大学出版社 2011.
[2] 李良勋.初中英语阅读过程中存在的问题与对策[J].中小学外语学习(中学篇),2013(5):35-39.endprint