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定语从句常见考点及解题技巧

2018-01-25江西戴剑国

教学考试(高考英语) 2018年2期
关键词:限制性主句先行

江西 戴剑国

定语从句是高中英语学习的重点和难点,也是高考考查的热点。在解题时,除了应特别注意进行语境分析,从上、下文中找出相关的引导词所充当的成分之外,还应对定语从句的考查热点有所了解,从而做到有的放矢,找到解题的突破口。下面笔者对近几年高考英语试题所涉及的定语从句进行归纳分析,希望对同学们复习备考有所帮助。

考点一、考查关系代词引导的定语从句

【点拨】关系代词主要有who,whom,whose,which,that等,它们所代替的先行词是指人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语或定语等成分。同时,还应注意关系代词that和which的区别。

【考例】

1.In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.(2017全国卷Ⅱ短文改错)

【解析】答案为将that→which。此题考查关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句。由于that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句,故此题应将that改为which。

2.I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ________ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.(2015全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)

【解析】答案填that/which。此题考查引导定语从句的关系代词的用法。句意:漓江可是在那么多中国画中被艺术家们描绘的河流。根据句意及句子结构可以看出,这是一个定语从句,由于定语从句修饰的先行词指物,且关系代词在定语从句中是用作主语,所以该定语从句可用关系代词that或which来引导。

3.In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.(2017江苏卷单选改编)

【解析】答案填whose。此题考查关系代词whose引导的定语从句。此处关系代词whose引导定语从句并在定语从句中作purpose的定语。故答案填whose。

考点二、考查关系副词引导的定语从句

【点拨】关系副词包括when,where,why等,它们分别代替表时间、地点和原因的先行词,在定语从句中作状语。

【考例】

1.But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, ________ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to fi lm a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.(2016全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)

【解析】答案填when。此题考查关系副词when引导的定语从句。关系副词when引导定语从句,指代先行词my days,在从句中作时间状语,故答案填when。

2.As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time ________ he should be able to be independent.(2015陕西卷单选改编)

【解析】答案填when。此题考查关系副词when引导的定语从句。句意:作为家里最小的孩子,Alex总是渴望他能够有独立的时间。此处先行词是the time,定语从句中缺少时间状语,故用关系副词when。

3.Many countries are now setting up national parks_________ animals and plants can be protected.(2013北 京卷单选改编)

【解析】答案填where。此题考查关系副词where引导的定语从句。定语从句中不缺少主干成分,应用关系副词,且先行词为national parks,指地点,故填关系副词where。

考点三、考查非限制性定语从句

【点拨】非限制性定语从句只是对主句内容或先行词作进一步补充、解释或附加说明。主句与从句之间通常用逗号分开,去掉它,主句意思仍然完整,常单独翻译。that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。which引导的非限制性定语从句有时可指代整个主句的内容。

【考例】

1.Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both,________ is not good for the health.(2017全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)

【解析】答案填which。此题考查关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句。句意:很可能摄入过多的脂肪和盐分,那对健康没有好处。本题中关系代词which指代前面整个主句的内容,引导非限制性定语从句,which在从句中作主语。

2.But Sarah, ________ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.She is determined to carry on with her education.(2017全国卷Ⅲ语法填空)

【解析】答案填who。此题考查关系代词who引导的非限制性定语从句。先行词指人只能用who而不能用that。如果是限制性定语从句的话,那么who和that都可以使用。例如:I know the man who / that is standing there.

3.My eldest son, ___________ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.(2017天津卷单选改编)

【解析】答案填whose。此题考查关系代词whose引导的非限制性定语从句。先行词是My eldest son,根据句意和空格后名词可知,引导词在从句中作定语,故答案填whose。

考点四、考查关系代词a s引导的非限制性定语从句

【点拨】关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句时,可指代主句的全部或部分内容,通常表示“正如、正像”等意思,从句可置于主句的句首、句中或句末。as后常接see,know,expect,guess,report等动词的主动或被动语态句,如as we expected,as we all know,as we all can see,as is mentioned等。

【考例】

1.There is no simple answer, __________ is often the case in science.(2013山东卷单选改编)

【解析】答案填as。此题考查关系代词as引导的非限制性定语从句。此处as指代整个主句的内容,含有“正如”之意,从句部分可译为“在科学上这是常有的事”。

2.__________ is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.(2013陕西卷单选改编)

【解析】答案填As。此题考查关系代词as引导的非限制性定语从句。句意:正如孩子们常有的情况一样,医生到的时候Amy就好了。此处as引导的非限制性定语从句位于主句之前,指代整个主句的内容。

3.“You can’t judge a book by its cover,” __________the old saying goes.(2013全国卷Ⅰ单选改编)

【解析】答案填as。此题考查关系代词as引导的非限制性定语从句。句意:俗话说,“你不能以貌取人”。此处as引导非限制性定语从句,指代整个主句的内容。as the old saying goes是一个固定的用法,表示“俗话说”。

考点五、考查“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句

【点拨】在“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句中,关系代词只能用whom(指人)或which(指物),即介词+ whom / which。当介词放在关系代词前面时,用在介词后的关系代词不能省略。某些在从句中充当时间、地点或原因状语的“介词 + 关系代词”结构可以同关系副词when,where,why 互换。

【考例】

1.Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon_________ school education depends.(2015安徽卷单选改编)

【解析】答案填which。此题考查“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句。句意:一些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。depend on / upon意为“依靠,依赖”,介词upon后只能用which或whom来构成定语从句的引导词,先行词指物,故答案填which。

2.He may win the competition, _________ case he is likely to get into the national team.(2013辽宁卷单选改编)

【解析】答案填in which。此题考查“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句。句意:他可能赢得这场比赛,如果这样的话,他就可能进入国家队。此处which指代前面主句,in which case引导定语从句,用来替代并列句中的in this /that case。

3.In our class there are 46 students, __________ half wear glasses.

【解析】答案填of whom。此题考查“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句。前后两句之间无连词,故不能用人称代词them,而应用关系代词whom引导定语从句;在46个学生当中,表所属关系,应用介词of,故答案填of whom。

考点六、考查“名词 / 代词 / 数词 + o f + 关系代词”引导的定语从句

【点拨】“名词 / 代词 / 数词 + of + 关系代词”引导的定语从句和“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句一样,关系代词指人时用whom,指物时用which。此外,“名词 +of + 关系代词”引导的定语从句也可以转换成“whose +名词”引导的定语从句。

【考例】

1.Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of ______ has been proved.(2016浙江卷单选改编)

【解析】答案填which。此题考查“代词 + of + 关系代词”引导的定语从句。句意:关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪,科学家已经提出了很多理论,没有一个被证明了。此处先行词是theories,指物,故答案填which。

2.Many young people, most __________ were welleducated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.(2016江苏卷单选改编)

【解析】答案填of whom。此题考查“代词 + of + 关系代词”引导的定语从句。此题中的先行词是Many young people,关系代词whom指代先行词,并在定语从句中作介词of的宾语,故答案填of whom。

3.English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each ___________ uses it differently.(2014 天津卷单选改编)

【解析】答案填of which。此题考查“代词 + of +关系代词”引导的定语从句。句意:英语是一种被好几种不同文化共同使用的语言,每一种文化使用它时都是不同的。根据uses是谓语动词可知,空格处缺主语,而each of which在此处作主语,引导定语从句。故答案填of which。

考点七、考查特殊先行词后的定语从句

【点拨】英语中一些表示“情形、场合、阶段、地位、状态”等特殊意义的名词,如case,point,stage,situation,position,state,scene,activity等用作先行词引导定语从句时,常被看成“抽象的地点”。这时,常用where引导定语从句,或换成in which。

【考例】

1.The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere __________ his employees enjoy their work.(2015天津卷单选改编)

【解析】答案填where。此题考查特殊先行词后的定语从句。句意:公司老板正尽力创造一种轻松的气氛,在这种气氛中,其员工喜欢他们的工作。句中先行词为atmosphere,在从句中作地点状语,故用关系副词where。

2.Students should involve themselves in community activities __________ they can gain experience for growth.(2014福建卷单选改编)

【解析】答案填where。此题考查特殊先行词后的定语从句。句意:学生应该使他们自己参与到团体活动中来,在这些活动中他们可以获得成长经验。根据句意可知,所填词引导定语从句,先行词是activities,且从句中的主谓宾成分是齐全的,故答案用where。

3.Sales director is a position __________ communication ability is just as important as sales.

【解析】答案填where。此题考查特殊先行词后的定语从句。position为先行词,其后是定语从句,关系词在从句中作地点状语,所以,应该使用关系副词where来引导定语从句。

考点八、考查先行词和定语从句的“分隔”现象

【点拨】由于定语从句过长,为了使句子保持平衡,常将定语从句和其所修饰的先行词分开,解题时找到定语从句的先行词是关键。有时句中使用插入语,如I think,you know,of course,believe it or not等将定语从句和先行词分开,此时可忽略该插入语,这样可以使该句变得容易而简单。

【考例】

1.We’ll reach the sales targets in a month __________ we set at the beginning of the year.(2014重庆卷单选改编)

【解析】答案填that / which。此题考查先行词和定语从句的“分隔”现象。此处先行词targets被in a month所扰,考生容易错把month当成先行词。targets在定语从句中作set的宾语,所以关系词应用that或which。

2.I borrowed the bookSherlock Holmesfrom the library last week, __________ my classmates recommended to me.(2014北京卷单选改编)

【解析】答案填which。此题考查先行词和定语从句的“分隔”现象。根据题干信息,定语从句的先行词为book,且从句中缺少宾语,加之逗号之后为非限制性定语从句,故答案用which。

3.The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China, __________ he remembers starting as early as his childhood.(2013江苏卷单选改编)

【解析】答案填which。此题考查先行词和定语从句的“分隔”现象。句意:“世界银行行长说,他热爱中国,这种热爱他记得早在童年时就开始了。”此处先行词passion被for China所扰,且定语从句中缺少宾语,故用关系代词which。

考点九、考查容易和定语从句混淆的几种句型

【点拨】容易和定语从句混淆的句型主要有:同位语从句、状语从句和强调句型。定语从句和前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系;同位语从句则是用来解释或说明先行词的具体内容,其先行词通常是抽象名词,如fact,idea,news,truth,hope,order,question,belief,doubt等。定语从句和强调句型混合在一起考查时注意有省略现象。

【考例】

1.—Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?

—Yeah, but I have no idea __________ he did it; that’s one of his favourite universities.(2014重庆卷单选改编)

【解析】答案填why。此题考查同位语从句。由于后句对Mike拒绝耶鲁大学的录取意愿感到意外,而耶鲁大学又是Mike最喜欢的大学之一,因此回答者对Mike放弃耶鲁大学感到不可思议。故答案用why。

2.It was the middle of the night __________ my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.(2014 江西卷单选改编)

【解析】答案填when。此题考查时间状语从句。句意:当我父亲叫醒我,告诉我看球赛的时候是半夜。此题容易误用that,原因是将此句看成了强调句型。要注意分析句子成分,when在此引导的是时间状语从句。

3.It was the culture, rather than the language, __________made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.(2014福建卷单选改编)

【解析】答案填that。此题考查强调句型。句意:正是文化而非语言使得他很难适应国外的新环境。该句去掉it was和that之后,剩余部分仍能够构成一个结构正确、意义完整的句子,故确定其为强调句型,答案用that。

强化训练:

1.He won’t want to eat it unless he’s really hungry, in____________ case he’ll eat almost anything.

2.Have you ever been in a situation ____________ you know the other person is right yet you can’t agree with him?

3.Is there a magic cutoff period ___________ children become responsible for their own actions?

4.After 10 years of hard time, the young lady has turned a movie star, ___________ she dreamed of becoming in her childhood.

5.I wonder if it was in the bookstore ____________ I bought some books ___________ I lost the keys.

6.Some students think that learning a foreign language is slow and difficult—just think of the hours of hard work____________ they have spent learning it.

7.—How much do you have in your pocket?

—150yuan, all of __________ came from my grandma.

8.The movie star was injured in a car accident before his performance, ___________ made everyone at present worried.

9.A terrible earthquake happened in that district at the end of 2008, ____________ many people all over the world visited there.

10.It was on October 18 ___________ the Communist Party 19th Congress began, ___________ was the biggest political meeting in fi ve years.

(附答案:1.which 2.where 3.when 4.which 5.where;that 6.that/which 7.which 8.which 9.when 10.that;which)

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