EGFR抑制剂相关皮肤不良反应研究进展
2018-01-24李鑫汪品嘉综述姚文秀审校
李鑫, 汪品嘉 综述, 姚文秀审校
530021南宁,广西医科大学 研究生院(李鑫);610500成都,成都医学院(汪品嘉);610041 成都,四川省肿瘤医院·研究所,四川省癌症防治中心,电子科技大学医学院 肿瘤内科(姚文秀)
以表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR )为靶点的药物一般分为两大类:酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitors,TKIs) 和单克隆抗体(monoclone antibody,mAbs) 。这类药物对晚期非小细胞肺癌、结肠癌、直肠癌以及头颈部恶性肿瘤均显示出较好的治疗疗效,目前已经成为多种晚期恶性肿瘤治疗的常用治疗药物。EGFR抑制剂不仅延长了恶性肿瘤晚期患者的生存时间,还提高了恶性肿瘤晚期患者的生存质量[1]。EGFR抑制剂在药物不良反应这方面具有特殊的表现[1],最常见的不良反应为皮肤毒性,在接受EGFR抑制剂治疗的晚期恶性肿瘤患者中平均发生率大于50%。EGFR抑制剂导致的皮肤不良反应对患者的身体、心理均可以造成不良的影响。如果中重度的皮肤不良反应得不到及时正确的治疗,不但增加患者的痛苦,还可以直接导致药物减量或停药,进而影响疗效及生存时间。随着越来越多的EGFR抑制剂药物的问世,EGFR抑制剂所致皮肤不良反应的治疗已成为临床工作中极为常见的问题,但目前EGFR抑制剂相关皮肤损害的治疗并未形成规范的方案。本文总结已发表的临床研究,对EGFR抑制剂相关皮肤损害的临床表现、不良反应分级、病理生理、治疗进行了梳理,希望为临床工作实践提供指导。现就表皮生长因子受体抑制剂相关性皮肤毒性的研究现况综述如下:
1 临床上常用的EGFR抑制剂及其皮疹发生率
临床上常用的EGFR抑制剂可以引起EGFR介导的细胞信号异常,它在肿瘤发生、进展、转移的过程中发挥了十分重要的作用。目前临床上应用的EGFR抑制剂主要为TKIs和mAbs。TKIs是一类经口服用的小分子化合物,其作用是通过抑制酪氨酸激酶的磷酸化,从而干扰配基诱导的表皮生长因子受体活化,以阻断瀑布式的信号传递,多以ATP作为结合位点[2-3],如Gefitinib(吉非替尼)。mAbs则可以阻断细胞外配基与跨膜受体结合,从而减少“活化瀑布”的效应[4],如Cetuximab(西妥昔单抗)。目前临床上应用的EGFR抑制剂主要有吉非替尼、厄洛替尼、西妥昔单抗等,不同的EGFR抑制剂的皮疹发生率各不相同,mAbs的皮疹发生率高于TKIs的皮疹发生率。TKIs中皮疹发生率最高的是厄洛替尼,皮疹发生率约为75%,而mAbs中除尼妥珠单抗皮疹的发生率约为1.43%外,西妥昔单抗、帕尼单抗的皮疹发生率均高达85%以上[5],具体如表1。
表1 临床上应用的EGFR抑制剂及其皮疹发生率
2 EGFR抑制剂相关皮肤不良反应的临床表现及分级
EGFR抑制剂相关皮肤不良反应比较常见的有皮肤瘙痒、皮肤干燥、面部色素沉着、皮疹、痤疮、指甲及甲周改变 (甲沟炎、甲裂 ) 、毛发生长的调节异常 (脱发、睫毛粗长卷翘、面部多毛 )、毛细血管的扩张等[1,14-16]。这些皮肤不良反应均有其不同的临床表现及其发生率,具体如表2。但目前最常报道的皮肤毒性是痤疮或痤疮样皮疹。痤疮样皮疹常常出现在面部和/或胸背部,一般在EGFR抑制剂开始治疗后的第1周左右出现,可以自然消退和也可反复再现,也可随着药物治疗的终止而消失。皮疹的严重程度在EGFR抑制剂治疗的第2周内达到顶峰,接着于随后几周内稳定下来[14,17-22]。皮疹发生及发展的过程主要经历以下4个阶段 :第1阶段(0~1周),表现为皮肤红斑及水肿并伴感觉障碍 ;第2阶段(1~3周)丘疹脓疱样皮疹 ;第3阶段(3~5周)皮疹结痂 ;第4阶段(5~8周)红斑毛细血管扩张症[22]。为全面动态地随访皮疹发生、发展的过程,需要对EGFR抑制剂相关皮肤不良反应的严重程度进行合理的分级,并及时做出相应的处理。目前临床主要采用NCI-CTCSE标准(4.0版)来进行分级,但有研究显示ESS(the eruption scoring system,ESS)比NCI-CTCSE标准(4.0版)对EGFR抑制剂相关皮肤毒副反应的分级更详细具体[23],它不仅对皮肤毒副反应做了分级,还对生活质量做了全面评估。不同临床研究的皮肤不良反应的临床表现及发生率各有不同,一篇关于EGFR抑制剂的系统评价中针对EGFR抑制剂相关皮肤不良反应做了全面的总结。这篇系统评价[5]一共纳入了19项mAbs临床研究(其中结直肠癌10项,头颈部肿瘤4项,非小细胞肺癌4项,胰腺癌1项)以及21项TKIs临床研究(其中非小细胞肺癌16篇,胰腺癌4篇,头颈部肿瘤1篇)。在上述提到的研究中,有73%的mAbs研究的毛囊炎发生率在70%以上,相比之下,小分子化合物研究中其毛囊炎发生率在70%以上的研究只有33%。其中有4项MAbs临床研究显示其毛囊炎发病率低于70%,但痤疮样皮疹的发生率(22%~62%)高于其它mAbs研究。除此之外,有54%的mAbs临床研究发生严重毛囊炎(3~4级)的概率大于10%,而TKIs研究中发生严重毛囊炎概率大于10%的研究只有12%。总体来说mAbs发生毛囊炎的几率大于TKIs,而在TKIs中,厄洛替尼比吉非替尼更容易发生严重的毛囊炎[5]。
表2 EGFR抑制剂相关的皮肤不良反应的临床表现及发生率[14]
3 EGFR抑制剂相关皮肤不良反应的病理生理学
表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR )是一种由单一多肽链组成的跨膜糖蛋白,分子量大小为170kDa,其编码基因是原癌基因c-erbB1,位于7q22染色体上[24-26]。EGFR在角质层、毛囊上皮以及汗腺器官都有表达,尤其是在增生及未分化的角质化细胞内表达最强,这种细胞主要分布在皮肤的基底层 、基底上层以及外毛根鞘[26]。EGFR在表皮中起着至关重要的作用,它可刺激表皮细胞的生长 、抑制细胞分化、抑制炎症、抵抗紫外线相关损伤并加速创面的愈合[23]。使用EGFR抑制剂后的痤疮样爆发的病理组织学表现为真皮层发生化脓性中性粒细胞的浸润,尤其是滤泡层,但皮脂腺通常不受影响[27]。有研究[28]表明使用吉非替尼后最显著的组织病理特点改变是角质层变得更薄、更致密。除此之外,EGFR抑制剂不仅可以抑制上皮细胞中EGFR 的磷酸化,还可以减少丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPK)的表达,从而导致角质化细胞增生、分化、迁移以及黏附的异常,最终引起皮肤毒性的发生[29]。有研究[30-31]表明EGFR抑制剂除了可以引起上述这些改变,还可以刺激炎症细胞释放化学趋化物诱导白细胞的聚集,聚集的白细胞会释放一些酶类化合物,如凋亡蛋白酶,这些酶类化合物会导致角质化细胞的凋亡。凋亡的角质细胞在皮肤的真皮层下逐渐蓄积 ,引起细菌或真菌的滋生,从而加剧皮肤的炎症反应,进一步加重皮肤损伤,目前认为这就是引起甲周炎、皮肤触痛 、丘疹脓疱症等症状的主要原因。有研究[14,30,32-33]对使用EGFR抑制剂后产生的丘疹脓疱进行病理学活检,免疫组化显示以:(1)表达有EGFR的角质细胞上细胞增殖核抗原的表达减少,从而阻滞了细胞的增殖;(2)负相关生长调节剂p27Kip1表达增加,这可能导致细胞生长和损伤的不平衡,从而引起皮肤改变。除此之外,还有研究[22]显示对于先接受过放疗的非小细胞肺癌EGFR突变阳性患者,随后使用厄洛替尼治疗期间,其接受过放射治疗区域的皮肤往往不出现皮疹,这一现象可能是由于放射野区域皮肤内的毛细血管结构改变或EGFR阳性细胞已耗竭所致。但是目前的这些机制研究仍需进一步的探讨。
4 EGFR抑制剂相关皮肤不良反应的管理
EGFR抑制剂相关皮肤不良反应的管理及治疗主要包括3方面,第1:加强患者教育 ,第2:合理的治疗,第3:剂量调整与停药[34]。
4.1 患者教育
医护人员应加强与患者之间的沟通交流,在使用EGFR抑制剂前医护人员应充分告知患者及患者家属可能发生的皮肤不良反应。合理解释皮肤不良反应发生与药物使用的关系,指导患者采取正确的预防及治疗措施,并协同患者家属给予患者身心支持[22]。现有的患者教育大多数为个人临床经验,目前还缺乏针对患者教育的临床研究及指南,需要进一步探索。
4.2 EGFR抑制剂相关皮肤不良反应的治疗
对于EGFR抑制剂相关皮肤不良反应的治疗目前缺乏大型的随机临床试验以及治疗标准,现有的治疗指导均来自于已发表的共识声明[35-38]。这类共识声明的治疗目标是预防或减少EGFR抑制剂相关皮肤不良反应的发生,提高患者的生活质量并避免感染并发症。现有的治疗方式包括:减少剂量或停药、严格的避光保护、使用皮肤保湿剂、局部抗炎药、局部防腐剂和抗生素以及口服半合成四环素(多西环素或米诺环素 )[39-41]。两项随机双盲临床试验[42-43]结果表明,预防性口服米诺环素或四环素虽不能阻止EGFR抑制剂相关皮疹的发生,但显著降低了皮疹的严重程度。除此之外,STEPP[44](skin toxicity evaluation protocol with Panitumumab,STEPP)研究将EGFR抑制剂相关皮疹的预防性治疗与反应性治疗进行了比较,研究结果显示预防性治疗组的中至重度皮肤毒副反应的发生率减少了50%,同时也延缓了严重皮肤毒性的发生时间。
EGFR抑制剂相关皮疹需要个体化的管理治疗,目前各大医疗中心在治疗上存在着很大的差异。对于中度皮疹的治疗可以采用低中效能的皮质类固醇(1%氢化可的松)或局部钙调节神经磷酸酶抑制剂(吡美莫司,他克莫司),以及局部杀菌剂和抗生素(甲硝唑,1%~2%红霉素或克林霉素凝胶或洗剂,每天使用两次)[17,45]。有研究表明局部使用0.1%的维生素K1(每天2次)不仅可以治疗丘疹脓疱性皮疹,还可以预防丘疹脓疱性皮疹的发生[46],这主要是由于维生素K1能激活EGFR信号传导[47-48]。对于中度和重度皮肤不良反应的治疗,还有研究推荐口服半合成四环素(多西环素每日100mg或米诺环素每日100mg,至少4周)[5,42-43,49]。这是因为半合成四环素除了具有广谱抗菌作用外,还具有抗炎以及免疫调节的作用[31,50]。四环素可以抑制金属蛋白酶、影响丝裂原诱导淋巴细胞增殖[51-52]、抑制嗜中性粒细胞趋化作用[53-54]、上调抗炎细胞因子[55]并减少促炎细胞因子的产生[56]。预防性口服四环素一般是在EGFR抑制剂治疗的第1月内,最多不能超过EGFR抑制剂治疗的第2月[41],因为现有的研究数据暂不支持预防性口服四环素超过2个月。
对于严重的皮肤毒性反应,可以口服短效皮质激素治疗,因为它可以抑制EGFR抗体介导的细胞毒作用。对于无皮肤毒性反应的患者,有研究表明口服低剂量的异维A酸治疗(每天10~20毫克)可以预防EGFR相关皮疹的发生并可以增加EGFR抑制剂抗肿瘤的疗效[57-58],但需要进一步的临床研究来确定。口服抗组胺药可以用于减少皮疹伴随的瘙痒症状。对于特别罕见并且非常严重的皮肤毒性反应,应该及时就诊专业的皮肤科进行治疗,并永久性地停止使用EGFR抑制剂。
4.3 剂量调整与停药
EGFR抑制剂的减量或停药应作为重度皮肤不良反应治疗失败后的最后选择,只有皮肤反应持续2~4周且治疗无效时才中断治疗[59-60]。EGFR抑制剂停药期间,应对皮疹进行持续治疗,因为皮疹的持续时间可能很长。部分患者仅需暂时停用EGFR抑制剂,待皮疹改善后可继续用药。对于EGFR抑制剂联合放疗所引起的局部皮肤记忆性损害,可在放疗期间停止使用靶向治疗,待放疗结束后再继续使用,并同时对皮肤毒性进行对症处理[61-63]。
5 结 语
临床上随着EGFR抑制剂运用于越来越多的实体肿瘤治疗,EGFR抑制剂相关皮肤损害将会成为一个热点话题。对于皮肤病专家来说,如何区分EGFR抑制剂相关的皮肤损害与其他皮肤疾病就更具挑战性。虽然这些皮肤损害大多为轻度到中度,但它们能够给患者带来临床不适。然而我们目前对EGFR抑制剂相关皮肤损害的病因、分级、治疗及全程管理尚缺乏更多的循证学依据和相关指南。只有更好地了解EGFR抑制剂所至皮肤毒性的发生及发展机制才能制定出合理地预防及治疗策略,为合理地解决这个问题我们需要更多的临床研究提供数据支持。
作者声明:本文第一作者对于研究和撰写的论文出现的不端行为承担相应责任;
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