榴莲的药用价值及综合开发利用△
2018-01-18戴玮周林他维亮肖苏萍兰青山
戴玮,周林,他维亮,肖苏萍,兰青山*
(1.中国中药有限公司,北京 100195;2.众花南药有限公司,马来西亚 槟城 14100)
榴莲DuriozibethinusMurr.又名韶子,为木棉科(Bombacaceae)榴莲属(Durio)常绿乔木[1],原产于泰国、菲律宾、马来西亚等东南亚和南亚热带国家,我国广东、广西、海南、台湾等地也有引种栽培[2]。宋代《证类本草》记载:“韶子,味甘,温,无毒,主暴痢,心腹冷”。榴莲营养价值高、味道独特,被称为“水果之王”。本文整理了榴莲的研究情况,对其化学成分、药用价值、毒副作用、开发利用等方面进行了总结论述。
1 化学成分
1.1 果肉
榴莲果肉主要化学成分为蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素、矿物质等营养成分及黄酮类、多酚类、花青素类成分[3-6]。榴莲果肉挥发油以含硫化合物(50.79%)为主,主要为二烯丙基三硫醚、二烯丙基二硫醚和二烯丙基四硫醚。这些含硫化合物具有特殊的臭味,构成了榴莲的独特气味[7-8]。
1.2 种子
榴莲种子含有大量以杂多糖蛋白质复合物为主要成分的种子胶,其多糖部分主要由半乳糖(50.1%~64.9%)、葡萄糖(29.4%~45.7%)、阿拉伯糖(0.11%~0.89%)、木糖(3.2%~3.9%)等单糖组成,蛋白质部分由亮氨酸(31.78%~43.02%)、赖氨酸(6.23%~7.78%)、天冬氨酸(6.45%~8.58%)、甘氨酸(6.17%~7.27%)、谷氨酸(5.43%~6.55%)、丙氨酸(4.60%~6.23%)、缬氨酸(4.49%~5.52%)等氨基酸组成[9-12]。
1.3 果皮
冯建英[13]对榴莲果皮的化学成分进行了系统研究,共分离鉴定了56个化合物,其中香豆素类化合物有6-methoxy-7-O-β-D-[6-(S)-2-methylbutanoylglucopyranosyl]-coumarin、8-hydroxyl-6-methoxy-7-O-β-D-[6-(S)-2-methylbutanoylglucopyranosyl]-coumarin、7-hydroxyl-6-methoxy-8-O-β-D-[6-(S)-2-methylbutanoylglucopyranosyl]-coumarin、8-hydroxy-7-O-β-D-glucosyl-6-methoxy-coumarin、7-O-β-D-glucosyl-6-methoxy-coumarin、7-hydroxycoumarin、scopoletin、fraxetin、fraxidin、5’-methoxy-jatrorin A、jatrocin A、propacin、cleomiscosin A、cleomiscosin B、propacin isomer,酚类化合物有3-methoxy-4-O-β-D-[6-(S)-2-methylbutanoylglucopyranosl]benzoic acid、4-O-β-D-[6-(S)-2-methylbutanoyl]glucopyranosyl cinnamic acid、1-O-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)-β-D-glucopyranose、3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside、leonuriside A、3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid、4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid、ethyl protocatechuate、3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde、evofolin-B、2-hydroxy-8α-hydroxycalamenene、α-conidendrin,三萜类化合物有2α-trans-p-coumaroyloxy-2α,3β,23α-trihydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid、2α-cis-p-coumaroyloxy-2α,3β,23α-trihydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid、23α-trans-p-coumaroyloxy-2α,3β,23α-trihydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid、23α-cis-p-coumaroyloxy-2α,3β,23α-trihydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oicacid、arjunolic acid、oleanolic acid、maslinic acid、2α,3β-dihydroxyl-urs-12-en-28-oic acid、ursolic acid、alphitolic acid,糖苷类化合物有(3S,6S)-cis-linalool-3,7-oxide-β-D-glucopyranoside、icariside B1、tiglic acid 1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside、2-O-[(S)-2-methylbutanoyl]-α-glucose、2-O-[(S)-2-methylbutanoyl]-β-glucose、6-O-[(S)-2-methylbutanoyl]-α-glucose、6-O-[(S)-2-methylbutanoyl]-β-glucose、2-glucosyl-3-pentanediol、2-O-[(S)-2-methylbutanoyl]-α-primeverose、2-O-[(S)-2-methylbutanoyl]-β-primeverose、6-O-[(S)-2-methylbutanoyl]-sucrose,其他类有(8E,9R)-methyl-(3S,5R,6S)-3,6-dihydroxy-1,1,5-trimethylcyclohex-yl-9-hydroxybut-8-enoate、2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone、5-oxymaltol、5-hydroxymethylfurfural、methyl(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)carbamate、7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione、nicotinamide、16-dehydropregnenolone。Pongsamart等[14]采用水提醇沉法从榴莲果皮中精制出具有凝胶特性的多糖组分,经水解后鉴定其主要组成单元为葡萄糖、鼠李糖和阿拉伯糖。为了进一步了解榴莲果皮中水溶性多糖的化学结构,Hokputsa等[15]采用离子交换色谱将其分为PG1和PG2两个组分,其中PG1主要为果胶和葡聚糖混合物,PG2主要成分为果胶。榴莲果皮挥发性成分以酯类化合物为主,构成榴莲独特的果香[7]。此外榴莲果皮还含有蛋白质、脂肪、矿物质等丰富的营养物质,其内皮的营养成分含量普遍高于外皮[16]。
2 药用价值
榴莲具有很高的营养和药用价值,经常食用可以强身健体、健脾补气、补肾壮阳、活血散寒、温暖身体,近年来药理研究证明,其具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗动脉粥样硬化、激活热受体、抗糖尿病等多种活性。
2.1 抗氧化
榴莲含有丰富的多酚类及维生素类成分,诸多实验证明[4,17-20],榴莲的水提物、醇提物及其他有机溶剂提取物都具有较好的抗氧化作用。由于成熟期的榴莲多酚类成分含量最高,其抗氧化能力也显著高于其他生长期。
2.2 抗肿瘤
研究表明,榴莲提取物能够抑制肿瘤细胞增殖。Haruenkit等[4]通过MTT法考察不同生长期榴莲甲醇提取物对胃癌细胞和肺癌细胞的作用,发现不同生长期榴莲对癌细胞增殖均有一定抑制作用,其中成熟期的榴莲活性最强。Jayakumar等[21]也发现,榴莲乙醇提取物对乳腺癌细胞的增殖具有一定抑制作用。
2.3 抗动脉粥样硬化
有研究者[18,22]采用高胆固醇食物诱导的大鼠高脂血症模型比较Mon Thong、Chani、Kan Yao 3个品种以及不同生长期的Mon Thong榴莲提取物对血脂的影响,发现榴莲提取物能够降低血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白及甘油三酯含量。
2.4 激活热受体
中医理论认为,榴莲性热,可以活血散寒,改善腹部寒凉的症状。实验证明[23],榴莲果肉中含有二乙基二硫醚、乙基丙基二硫醚、二丙基二硫醚等含硫化合物,可以激活与中医理论辛味药性相关的TRPA1和TRPV1受体,起到调节温感的作用。
2.5 促进生育
在印度南部,榴莲被认为具有促进生育的作用。多囊卵巢综合征是妇女常见的一种复杂的内分泌疾病,是糖尿病、心血管疾病、子宫内膜癌的重要危险因素,可导致女性月经周期不规律、肥胖、不孕等。Ansari[24]通过对多囊卵巢综合征产生机理的分析、各种代谢综合征及榴莲所含化学成分的总结,对榴莲促进生育的作用机理进行了初步阐述。
2.6 其他作用
除果肉外,榴莲果皮的药理作用也被越来越多的研究者关注。
2.6.1 抗菌 大量文献报道[25-35]证明,榴莲皮水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、藤黄微球菌、戊糖乳杆菌、变形链球菌、伴放线放线杆菌、哈氏弧菌、绿脓杆菌、无乳链球菌、乳房链球菌、豕链球菌、模仿葡萄球菌、克雷伯氏菌、假单胞菌、牙龈卟啉单胞菌、白色假丝酵母菌具有抑制作用,榴莲皮醇提物对金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌具有一定抑制作用。
2.6.2 抗炎 榴莲皮水提取物对角叉菜胶诱发的小鼠足跖肿胀具有显著的抑制效果,对2,4-二硝基氟苯所致小鼠变应性接触性皮炎也有明显抑制作用。在体外实验中,榴莲提取物能够有效抑制肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、NO及转录因子核因子-кВ(NF-кВ)等炎症因子含量,提高IL-10等抗炎因子含量[36]。骨关节炎是最常见的关节炎症。研究发现,关节软骨细胞外基质合成与降解失衡是造成软骨变性的重要原因,其中基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)起着重要的作用。榴莲皮提取物能够抑制MMP-2和MMP-9活性,从而降低关节软骨细胞外基质的降解代谢[37]。
2.6.3 保湿 榴莲皮中提取的多糖类成分具有保湿作用。Futrakul等[38]选择了22名年龄在20至38岁之间的志愿者,采用单盲法考察榴莲皮多糖的保湿作用,结果显示,榴莲皮多糖能够提高皮肤的紧实度和含水量。
2.6.4 促进伤口愈合 榴莲皮提取物能够促进猪伤口愈合,显著减少伤口皮肤纤维化和肉芽肿[39]。榴莲皮提取物制成的敷料能够促进犬表皮再生,抑制金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌,使已被感染的伤口快速愈合[40]。
2.6.5 抗糖尿病 Muhtadi等[41]采用四氧嘧啶糖尿病大鼠研究榴莲皮提取物的降糖作用,发现榴莲果皮提取物能够降低糖尿病大鼠血液中的葡萄糖水平,并呈现出一定量效关系,高剂量组降糖效果优于使用格列苯脲的阳性对照组,推测降糖作用可能与提取物中黄酮类成分抑制葡萄糖吸收、促进胰岛素分泌有关。
2.6.6 止咳及镇痛 榴莲皮水提物能够延长氨水和二氧化硫诱导的小鼠咳嗽潜伏期、抑制咳嗽次数,具有良好的止咳作用。通过醋酸致小鼠扭体反应和热板法考察榴莲皮水提物的镇痛作用,发现其能够延长醋酸致小鼠扭体的潜伏期并减少扭体次数,在一定程度上延长小鼠热板疼痛反应时间,推测镇痛作用可能与榴莲皮提取物抑制炎性因子产生释放和清除自由基有关[29]。
2.6.7 抗亚硝化反应 亚硝胺是目前所知的最强的化学致癌物质之一,能引起人和动物的胃、肝脏等多器官的恶性肿瘤,阻断亚硝胺合成或清除亚硝胺的前体——亚硝酸根是防止癌症产生的有效途径之一。在模拟人体胃液条件下,榴莲皮提取液能够清除亚硝酸盐,并阻断N,N-二甲基亚硝胺合成[42]。
2.6.8 抗应激性肝损伤 榴莲壳醇提物可以明显降低拘束负荷小鼠血浆ALT活性,有效地降低拘束负荷小鼠血浆MDA水平与肝组织NO含量,改善肝组织GSH含量,对拘束负荷诱发小鼠应激性肝损伤具有保护作用[43]。
2.6.9 治疗老年性瘙痒症 老年性瘙痒症多由皮脂腺萎缩,皮脂分泌减少,继而皮肤干燥所致。临床实验证明,榴莲皮外洗可以治疗老年性瘙痒症,总有效率为84.4%,优于口服克敏、维生素E及外擦艾洛松软膏的对照组[44]。将榴莲皮提取物制成软膏,治疗组总有效率为87.5%,而外搽尿素软膏的对照组仅为56.7%[45]。榴莲皮软膏配合口服养血祛风颗粒,治疗总有效率高达93.3%,明显优于口服氯雷他定分散片、外搽尿素软膏的对照组,具有较好的治疗效果[46]。
3 毒性和副作用
在民间,一直有榴莲不可与酒一起食用的饮食禁忌,榴莲与酒同食会引发心悸、恶心、呕吐等症状,严重者出现心脏骤停而危及生命。Maninang等[47]采用酵母乙醛脱氢酶体外抑制实验,考察榴莲果肉提取物对乙醛脱氢酶活性的抑制作用,结果显示,榴莲果肉提取物与乙醛脱氢酶抑制作用存在一定量效关系,提取物浓度为0.33×10-6时最大的抑制作用可达到70%,抑制作用可能与榴莲果肉提取物中存在大量含量硫化合物有关。为了进一步研究榴莲果肉与乙醇共同作用对哺乳动物的影响,Maninang等[48]采用条件性味觉厌恶实验观察榴莲对大鼠的影响,通过比较发现,大鼠口服榴莲提取物和乙醇后,体内乙醛消除速率减慢,比单独口服乙醇更易出现低体温症及味觉厌恶。
Pongsamart等[49]研究榴莲果皮提取物的安全性,开展了急性毒性实验,一次性给予瑞士白化小鼠和Wistar大鼠口服2 g·kg-1榴莲果皮提取物,均未发现明显毒性反应。在此基础上,Pongsamart等[50]继续采用瑞士白化小鼠开展亚慢性毒性实验,分别给予雄性小鼠和雌性小鼠口服0.25 g·kg-1·d-1和0.5 g·kg-1·d-1榴莲果皮提取物。结果显示,雄性小鼠经60 d喂养、雌性小鼠经100 d喂养后均未出现毒性反应。
4 开发利用现状
在Patsnap专利检索平台以“榴莲”和“durian”为关键词进行检索,范围涵盖了1977年至2016年3月前中、美、欧、日、韩等20余个国家和地区的专利信息。对检索到的信息进行筛选、合并,共检索到专利申请631件,其中中国大陆(88.11%)、美国(6.81%)、韩国(1.74%)、欧盟(1.27%)、加拿大(0.79%)、中国台湾(0.63%)、马来西亚(0.32%),主要内容涉及食品加工、兽药饲料、种植栽培等。榴莲是东南亚地区最受欢迎的水果之一,除直接食用新鲜果肉外,还常常将果肉作为烘培的原料用于制作糕点,或将果肉脱水后制成果干、果粉[51-55]。在马来西亚,榴莲果肉经过腌制发酵后可制成腌榴莲,称为“Tempoyak”[56-59]。此外,榴莲果肉还被开发成果酱、果汁、糖果、冰激凌、巧克力、果酒[60-62]等。榴莲种子磨成粉可以部分替代谷物用于制作面食,其中提取的种子胶具有增稠性和乳化性,可以作为果酱、蛋黄酱、果汁的增稠剂、乳化剂和稳定剂[63-65]。由于富含淀粉,在东南亚榴莲种子经切片蘸糖烤制或椰子油炸后可以作为点心食用,更有研究者将其开发成替代稻米制作红曲的发酵底物[66]。榴莲皮经处理后可以作为活性炭及染料的吸附剂用于治理水污染,其中提取的果胶具有生物吸附剂的作用,可以用来吸附水中的重金属[67-76]。
5 展望
榴莲作为传统的药食两用水果,具有多种药用和保健功能。目前对榴莲的利用方式主要为食用果肉,占果实总重量66.7%以上的果皮和种子部分被当作废弃物丢弃。据统计,全球榴莲年总产量约为140万吨,将产生废弃物90余万吨[71]。随着榴莲基础研究的不断深入,对其进行综合开发利用将是未来的发展方向。
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