普利策奖

湖北省武汉市 胡杨 编译

The Pulitzer Prie

The Pulitzer Prize is an award for achievements in newspaper,magazine and online journalism, literature,and musical composition in the United States.It was established in 1917 by provisions1in the will of American(Hungarian-born)Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher,and is administered2by Columbia University in New York City.Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories.In twenty of the categories,each winner receives a certificate and a US$15,000 cash award.The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal.

普利策奖是美国的一项成就奖，奖励那些在报纸、杂志与网络新闻、文学和音乐创作方面取得的成就。1917年该奖根据美国（匈牙利出生的）约瑟夫·普利策的遗嘱设立。约瑟夫把他在报刊经销商时期所积累的财富捐赠，并交由纽约的哥伦比亚大学管理。普利策奖每年颁发的分类共包括21个奖项。在20个类别中，每位获奖者将获得一份证书和1.5万美元的现金奖励。新闻竞赛公共服务类的优胜者则被授予金质奖章。

The Pulitzer Prize does not automatically consider all applicable3works in the media.Entries must fit in at least one of the specific prize categories,and cannot simply gain entrance for being literary or musical.Works can also only be entered in a maximum4of two categories.

普利策奖不会自发考虑所有在新闻媒体上适用于评选的作品。参赛作品必须至少符合其中一个奖项类别，不会仅因为是文学或音乐作品就获得评选资格。作品最多只能参加两个类别的评选。

Each year,102 jurors5are selected by the Pulitzer Prize Board to serve on 20 separate juries for the 21 award categories.Most juries consist of five members,except for those for Public Service, Investigative Reporting,Explanatory6Reporting,Feature7writing and Commentary8categories, which have seven members;all book juries have three members.For each award category,a jury makes three nominations.The board selects the winner by majority vote from the nominations9and selects a different entry following a 75%majority vote.The board can also vote to issue no award. The board and journalism jurors are not paid for their work;however,the jurors in letters,music, and drama receive a$2,000 honorarium10for the year,and each chair receives$2,500.

每年，普利策奖评委会委派102名评审员分成20个评审团，对21个奖项类别的作品进行评审。大多数评审团由五名成员组成，而公共服务奖、调查性报道奖、解释性报道奖、特写报道奖和评论奖这几个类别的评审团由七名成员组成；所有的图书奖项评审团有三名成员。在对每一类奖项评选的过程中，每个评审团都可以进行三次提名。评委会从提名作品中的多数票获得者中选出获奖者，并以75%多数票选择不同的候选作品。评委会也可以投票不授予任何奖项。评委会和新闻类评审员无薪工作；然而，文学、音乐和戏剧类别的评审员每年会获得2000美元的酬金，每位评委会主席获得2500美元的酬金。

Anyone whose work has been submitted is called an entrant11.The jury selects a group of nominated12finalists and announces them,together with the winner for each category.

Beginning in 2007,online elements will be permitted in all journalism categories except for the competition’s two photography categories.

从2007年开始，除了比赛的两项摄影类别奖项（摄影类的两项大奖是突发新闻摄影奖和专题摄影奖）之外，所有的新闻类别奖项，将允许网络媒体参评。

The Pulitzer Prize Board historically resisted13the admission of magazines into the competition, resulting in the formation of the National Magazine Awards at the Columbia Journalism School in 1966.In 2015,magazines were allowed to enter for the first time in two categories(Investigative Reporting and Feature Writing).In October 2016,magazine was extended to all journalism cate gories.

由于普利策奖委员会历来抵制杂志参与竞争，这促使了1966年哥伦比亚大学新闻学院美国国家杂志奖的形成。2015年，杂志首次被允许进入两类（调查性报道奖和特写报道奖）奖项的评选。2016年10月，杂志类参评资格扩展到所有新闻类别。

Some critics of the Pulitzer Prize have accused14the organization of favoring those who support liberal causes or oppose conservative15causes.And a 2012 aca demic study found that only 27% of Pulitzer winners since 1991 were females.

有些批评普利策奖的人指责该评奖组织倾向于那些支持自由主义事业或反对保守主义事业的人。而且2012年的一项学术研究发现，自1991年以来，只有27%的普利策奖得主是女性。

Notes:

我们从另外一个角度，从刑事法律规范的位阶方面进行入手，容错纠错机制在本质上是一种行政性规范或规定，它无法和更高位阶的刑事法律规范进行对抗。因此，我们认为刑事错误理应不能容忍，当然排除在容错纠错机制的错误范围之外。这实际上也解释了失职行为到达一定程度就属于渎职侵权犯罪规范的刑事法律范畴，超出了传统的行政法律规范的范畴。

14.accusev.控告；谴责