How the Holocaust Changed German Literature Forever 纳粹大屠杀永久改变了德国文学

文/阿利·曼宁 利昂·马科维茨 译/王月 审订/宁一中 By Allee Manning & Leon Markovitz

How the Holocaust Changed German Literature Forever 纳粹大屠杀永久改变了德国文学

文/阿利·曼宁 利昂·马科维茨 译/王月 审订/宁一中 By Allee Manning & Leon Markovitz

Thousands of books and authors were banned under Nazi rule; many never resurfaced.在纳粹的统治下，无数书籍和作者被禁；许多被永远埋没。

When the UN decided to mark International Holocaust Remembrance Day in 2005, it was pegged to January 27, the day Auschwitz was liberated.For the 12 years since, the UN has held events to remember those lost, but also to mark the end of Nazism and all that went with it. But one aspect of Third Reich destruction is still commonly forgotten—the thousands of books that the Nazis banned and burned.

2005年，联合国宣布设立国际大屠杀纪念日，时间定在1月27日奥斯维辛解放的这一天。12年以来，联合国举办了多次活动，不仅纪念那些逝去的人，同时也纪念纳粹主义及所有和纳粹相关事物的终结。然而，第三帝国的破坏行径之一依旧被人们普遍遗忘——那些被纳粹查禁并销毁的无数书籍。

[2]在纳粹政府的统治下，焚书始于1933年5月10日那场历史性的焚烧犹太、美国及其他“非德裔”书籍事件。据计约有2.5万种图书被大学生依令焚毁。紧接着就是对个体作者和作品实施禁令。

[2] Under the rule of Nazi government, book burnings first began in 1933,with the historical burning of Jewish,American, and other “un-German” books on May 10. It’s estimated that 25,000 volumes were set ablaze by university students following the directive. The burnings were followed by thousands of bans on individual authors and titles.

[3] “The common imagination is that they banned books of Jewish authors,”said Alejandro Baer, a professor of sociology at the University of Minnesota’s Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies. “But it was anything that they would consider anti-German or politically unacceptable for the Nazis.”

[4] A Vocativ analysis of historical data on these works found that the Nazis banned over 13,000 books written by over 2,600 authors from all corners of the globe from 1938—1941. Nearly 950 authors’ entire catalogs were effectively suppressed, and there were eight authors who were essentially removed from print entirely in Germany after all of their books and all books about them were banned, including Vladimir Lenin, Rosa Luxemburg, and Karl Marx.

[5] In 1933, Helen Keller famously spoke out against the Nazis after two of her books were banned. “Tyranny cannot defeat the power of ideas,” she wrote. “You can burn my books and the books of the best minds in Europe, but the ideas in them have seeped through a million channels and will continue to quicken other minds.” But some books have been sealed off from Germany’s collective memory for good, and the impact on German literature is still felt today, more than 70 years later.

[3]“人们普遍以为，他们禁止的只是犹太作者的作品，但是，被禁止的是他们认为反德或政治上不被纳粹接受的任何书籍。”来自明尼苏达大学大屠杀和种族灭绝研究中心的亚历扬德罗·贝尔教授说道。

[4]媒体Vocativ针对被禁书籍所做的一份历史数据分析显示，1938至1941 年间，全球各地2600多名作者的13,000多部作品被纳粹所禁。大约950名作者的全部作品遭到封禁，而且有8名作者的作品及有关他们的作品从德国出版业里彻底除名，其中包括弗拉基米尔·列宁、罗莎·卢森堡和卡尔·马克思。

[5] 1933年，海伦·凯勒在其两部作品遭禁后，发表了著名的反对纳粹声明。她写道：“暴政不能击败思想的力量，你们可以烧毁我的作品和欧洲最优秀作者的作品，但是书中的思想早已通过各种途径进入他人的心灵并将持续影响更多人。”然而，一些作品已从德国的集体记忆抹去，70多年后的今天，这对德国文学的冲击依然可以真切地感受到。

[6] In recent analysis conducted by one German researcher, only 37 percent of the authors originally banned by the Nazis (or authors whose books were banned by association because they cited a banned author) had an entry in the German language Wikipedia as of last year.

[6]德国一位研究者的最近分析显示，最初被纳粹所禁的作者（或一些由于引用被禁作者言论而牵连被禁的作者）当中，截至去年，仅有37%在德语维基百科中有词条。

[7] “Some (of the banned authors) are today part of the canon of German literature, but there might be authors that never made it back,” Baer said.

[8] In such a massive list, it’s easy to see how that might happen, as it almost did in the case of the banned 1932 novel“Blood Brothers.” Shrouded in mystery,the banned novel resurfaced in 2013 when it was reprinted by a small German publishing house, going on to dominate Berlin’s literature scene. Its author, a German social worker named Ernst Haffner,seemed to disappear after the book was first published, just as his book had.

[9] “Perhaps he was imprisoned and died in a camp,” re-print editor Peter Graf told The Guardian. “Perhaps he fled to another country. But now his legacy lives on.”

[7]“一些（被禁的作者）已成为现今德国文学经典的一部分，但是有些作者或许永无翻身之日。”贝尔说道。

[8]清单如此庞大，很容易理解这是怎么回事，如同1932年出版的小说《亲兄弟》被禁一案。该书的经历充满神秘色彩，2013年，一家小型德国出版社重印这部被禁小说，使之重见天日并在德国文学领域占据主导地位。作者是一位名为恩斯特·哈夫纳的社会工作者，似乎在此书首版后便销声匿迹了，正如他的书所经历的一样。

[9]“或许他被囚禁后死于集中营，或许他逃到了国外。但是，目前他的思想依旧流传于世。”本书再版编辑皮特·格拉夫告诉《卫报》。

[10]纳粹最终成功禁止一些著作传播的事实在德国推特账户@LebendigeListe（粗略译为“现存的”或“活跃的”清单）有体现。此账户定期发布一些当时被禁的作者和书目信息，试图让这些作品重见天日，并“为那些被遗忘的作者及其作品发声”。

[10] The implication that the Nazis were ultimately successful in suppressing the proliferation of some works is reflected in the German Twitter account @LebendigeListe (roughly translating to “living” or “vibrant”list). The account routinely tweets out banned authors and titles in an attempt to bringing the writings back to life, and “give forgotten authors and their works a voice.”

[11] To which end, it seems possible that after all these years, the work of those passionate about restoring the value of lost culture could finally find purchase.

[12] “German memory culture today is active and thriving,” Baer said. “At least there is the motivation and will to do that. Germany has been pioneering in what some authors call the ‘politics of regret,’ which is a healthy development in society.”

[11]这一目标，多年以后似乎是可能实现的，积极恢复遗失文化价值的工作终会得到认可。

[12]贝尔说道：“德国记忆文化在今天是非常活跃且繁荣的，至少人们有动力和意愿去投入其中。德国已经率先反思 ‘遗憾的政治’，这是社会的健康发展。”

10 Fascinating Extinct Animals (V)

5. Caribbean Monk Seal夏威夷僧海豹

Last seen in the early 1950s, the Caribbean monk seal was declared extinct in 2008 after a five-year

review by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Marine Fisheries Service. The seals had been hunted by European explorers who began arriving in the late 15th century, according to NOAA. They were later exploited for their fur, meat and oil by fisherman and whalers. Coastal development and fishing also impacted their traditional habitats in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico.

“Humans left the Caribbean monk seal population unsustainable after overhunting them in the wild,” a NOAA biologist said in 2008, according to Science Daily. “Unfortunately, this leads to their demise and labels the species as the only seal to go extinct from human causes.”