高考英语全国卷中细节概括题和细节推断题例析

杨兵林

高考英语全国卷中，除在专门考查考生寻读（scanning）能力的信息类文本中考查直接信息题外，其他细节题一般要求考生进行同义转换，即选出与文中信息点的意思相同但表达方式不同的选项。但是，有的细节题并不只是要求考生进行简单的转换，而是要求考生对两个或多个信息点进行概括或进行推断，才可选出正确选项。

一、细节概括题

有时仅将同一句话中的两个具体信息点概括起来，用一个抽象的词来代替。

[例1]（2016年全国Ⅲ卷）

Bad news sells. If it bleeds， it leads. No news is good news， and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored （监控） in different ways， researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking peoples e-mails and online posts， scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.

32. What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to？

A. News reports. B. Research papers.

C. Private e-mails. D. Daily conversations.

解析：由第一段第二句Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers可知，“那些经典规则适用于晚上的广播和早报。”其中，“晚上的广播和早报（the evening broadcasts and the morning papers）”概括地说，就是“新闻媒体”，其内容都是“新闻报道（News reports）”，故选A项。

选项B “研究论文”，选项C“私人邮件”，选项D“日常交谈”均与此段内容无关，属无中生有。只是命题人利用了该段出现的researchers让选项B有一定迷感性，利用文中的peoples e-mails让选项C具有迷感性。也可以说是断章取义，仅借用原文中的一两个单词来表达与原文不同的意思。

有时会要求考生将几句话或一个段话中的多个信息点进行概括。

[例2]（2017年全国Ⅲ卷）

The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations—major food sources （来源） for the wolf—grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation （植被）， which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves， coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the parks red foxes， and completely drove away the parks beavers.

30. What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about？

A. Damage to local ecology.

B. A decline in the parks income.

C. Preservation of vegetation.

D. An increase in the variety of animals.

解析：第一句告诉我们本段的主旨是谈灰狼消失所带来的意想不到的后果。什么后果？“鹿和麋鹿的数量——灰狼的主要食物——迅速增加。这些动物吃掉大量的植被，这就减少了园内植物的多样性。没有了灰狼，山狗也迅速增加，它们又吃掉大部分的红狐，也把海狸全部赶走了。”概括起来，就是“破坏了当地的生态”，故选A项。

选项B“公园的收入减少了”，在文中没有相关信息支撑，属无中生有。

选项C“植被保护”，与文中所述事实恰恰相反。属是非颠倒。

选项D“动物种类的增加”，而文中只是说没有了灰狼后，鹿和山狗的数量增加，而不是动物种类增加，属张冠李戴。

[例3]（2016年全国Ⅲ卷）

“I dont make them up，” she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years. “I dont have to.”

Beauticians， bartenders， piano players and people with purple hats， Weltys people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends， from walks through the streets of her native Jackson， Miss.， from conversations overheard on a bus. It annoys Welty that， at 78， her left ear has now given out. Sometimes， sitting on a bus or a train， she hears only a fragment （片断） of a particularly interesting story.endprint

27. What can we learn about the characters in Weltys fiction？

A. They live in big cities.

B. They are mostly women.

C. They come from real life.

D. They are pleasure seekers.

解析：由该篇倒数第二段（上面的第一段）所述，就她在大约50年来的小说里的人物，她说“我没有虚构他们（I dont make them up）”“我也不必虚构（I dont have to）。”那么，这些人物来自哪里呢？

最后一段中Weltys people come from ... from ... from ... 具体讲述了她故事中人物的来历。她的人物来自于跟老朋友闲聊，来自于走街串巷，来自于在公交车上无意中所听到。因此，可概括为“现实生活”，故选C项。

选项A“他们生活在大城市”， 选项B“他们大多是妇女”，选项D“他们是快乐的追寻者”在文中都找不到信息支撑，均属无中生有。

二、细节推断题

[例4] （2015年全国Ⅰ卷）

A cafe society where no intellectualizing（高谈阔论） is allowed？ It couldnt seem more un-French. But Lehannes psychology cafe is about more than knowing oneself：Its trying to help the citys troubled neighborhood cafes. Over the years， Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle—longer working hours， a fast-food boom and a younger generations desire to spend more time at home. Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. Cafes focused around psychology， history， and engineering are catching on， filling tables well into the evening.

33. How are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes？

A. They are less frequently visited.

B. They stay open for longer hours.

C. They have bigger night crowds.

D. They start to serve fast food.

解析：本题问“法国生活方式的变化如何影响咖啡馆？”由题干中的French lifestyle 可将答题信息定位到：Over the years， Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle—longer working hours， a fast-food boom and a younger generations desire to spend more time at home，即“这些年来， 巴黎的咖啡馆已经沦为法国生活方式变化的受害者——工作时间更长、快餐迅速发展，以及年轻人渴望在家里度过更多时间。”由此可以推断出：人们来咖啡馆的次数减少了。故选A项。

选项B“他们营业的时间更长”在文中没有信息点支撑，属无中生有。

选项C“夜间来的人更多”与“工作时间更长”“年轻人更希望在家里呆更多时间”的事实恰恰相反。属是非颠倒。

选项D“他们供应快餐”， 是对a fast-food boom的曲解，是命题人利用文中只言片语来迷感考生的。属断章取义。

[例5] （2016年全国Ⅰ卷）

Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices， but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard， especially knowing your adult child is struggling， but giving up the life you know may be harder.

28. What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the last paragraph？

A. Make decisions in the best interests of their own.

B. Ask their children to pay more visits to them.

C. Sacrifice for their struggling children.endprint

D. Get to know themselves better.

解析：首句“搬去同儿孙一起住并不适合每一个爷辈的人。”这就意味着“爷辈不要轻易决定，搬还是不搬需要根据具体情况而定”。再看下文：几乎每一个爷辈的人，都想与他或她的孙辈在一起，愿意为他们做出牺牲；但有时候，不跟他们住在一起而是经常走访他们，更为明智。让孙辈离开得很远很难，特别是知道你成年的儿辈正在努力奋斗时，但是放弃你熟悉的生活也许更难。由两个比较级“更明智”“更难”可推断，作者在暗示爷辈搬或不搬要根据自身的最大利益来决定，故选A项。

选项B建议爷辈“叫他们的孩子多去看望他们（爷辈）”与文中所说“不搬去同儿孙住而是经常去看望（儿孙）”恰恰反了过来。属是非颠倒。

选项C建议爷辈“为正在奋斗的孩子做出牺牲”；作者在文中所述“几乎每一个爷辈的人都愿意为孩子做出牺牲”是客观事实，而非作者的意图。属张冠李戴。

选项D建议爷辈“更好地了解自己”，文中没有信息点支撑，属无中生有。

[例5] （2015年全国Ⅱ卷）

But not everyone is happy. Owain James， the president of the National Union of Students （NUS）， argued that the increase is evidence of student hardship—young people are being forced into earning money before finishing their education. “New students are now aware that they are likely to leave university up to ￡15， 000 in debt. It is not surprising that more and more students are taking a gap year to earn money to support their study for the degree. NUS statistics show that over 40% of students are forced to work during term time and the figure increases to 90% during vacation periods， ”he said.

11. How does Owain James feel about the gap-year phenomenon？

A. Hes puzzled. B. Hes worried.

C. Hes surprised. D. Hes annoyed.

解析：本题问Owain James对间隔年现象的感受如何。首先由Owain James在文中找到答题相关信息段落。由首句“但并不是每个人都（对间隔年现象）持乐观态度。” Owain James是作者所举的一个例子。他不感到乐观，他感到什么呢？他认为“学生困难的证据在增加——年轻人在完成学业之前被迫赚钱。”“学生意识到在大学毕业前要负高达一万五千英镑的债务。”由“被迫”“高额债务”可推断出，Owain James感到“担忧”，故选B项。

选项A“感到迷感”，选项C“感到惊讶”，与事实不符，因为Owain James明白大学生修间隔年的原因。选项D“感到恼怒”，这不至于吧，有点推断过度了。

责任编辑 蒋小青endprint