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浙江佛学院:传承弥勒文化,致力佛学交流

2017-11-06邱明亮单凌晨

文化交流 2017年11期
关键词:佛学院太虚弥勒

邱明亮?单凌晨

2017年8月8日,东方刚露鱼白,随着大吊车缓缓安放,一座高6米、宽3米、重达50吨的《心经》巨印,稳稳竖立在位于宁波奉化的浙江佛学院大门口草坪上,成了新成立的浙江佛学院重要标志之一。这时,浙江佛学院负责人心头的一块石头落了地,在全国宗教院校中堪称一流、功能齐备的新校区终于基本落成了。

这座《心经》巨印是由西泠印社社员、青年篆刻家谭振飞特别篆刻的。《般若波罗蜜多心经》也称为《摩诃般若波罗蜜多心经》,简称《般若心经》或《心经》,现流传最广的是玄奘译本,全文268个字。梵语“般若”,意译为“智慧”,用以指如实理解一切事物的智慧。

弥勒文化传承千年

浙江奉化的雪窦山群山环抱,山清水秀。千年古刹雪窦山资圣禅寺(雪窦寺),就是名闻天下的弥勒道场,至今已有1700多年的历史,在中国佛教史上具有重要地位。“布袋和尚传说”已被列入国家级非物质文化遗产名录,奉化也被命名为“中国弥勒文化之乡”。

浙江佛学院正门。

雪窦山名扬四海,与雪窦寺密切相关。印度佛教传入中国后,唐末五代时,浙江奉化出了个怪和尚。这和尚出语无定,常以锡杖荷着布袋,游化四方,得来的东西全藏于布袋之内,被人们称作“布袋和尚”。布袋和尚笑口常开,乐观幽默,深受百姓尊敬和爱戴。这个法名契此的和尚,早年在奉化岳林寺出家,常到雪窦寺弘法。据宋代禅宗灯录《五灯会元》记载,布袋和尚圆寂前,端坐在一块磐石上说道:“弥勒真弥勒,分身千百亿;时时示世人,世人自不识”。这偈语暗示世人:弥勒其实就在你身边,只是你意识不到而已。偈语一传开,人们恍然大悟,原来布袋和尚便是弥勒佛的化身。当时,有位杰出的石匠把布袋和尚的形象刻在石头上,那放浪的形骸,灿烂的笑容,实在太生动了。渐渐地,大肚弥勒取代了传统弥勒的造像,成为中国人心目中的弥勒形象。中国佛教高僧太虚大师和中国佛教协会前会长赵朴初都认定,奉化雪窦山作为弥勒圣地,与普陀、五台、九华、峨眉合称为“中国佛教五大名山”。

2008年,弥勒大佛造像在雪窦寺后山海拔369米的山坡上正式落成。建成后的大佛总高度为56.74米,其中铜制佛身33米,莲花座9米,基座14.74米,它成了世界上最高的一坐姿铜制弥勒大佛,吸引了海内外众多佛家弟子及广大游客前来瞻仰。

星云大师曾经为大佛题字:“人间弥勒”。此意表示:人人皆可成佛,成佛必在人间。在奉化人心里,由布袋和尚到大肚弥勒,就像亲切慈爱的老伯,不断教人们领悟人生智慧,放下烦恼,担起责任。作为弥勒化身布袋和尚的家乡,宁波奉化区以雪窦山——弥勒文化“集散地”为平台,不断挖掘弥勒文化中开放包容、和谐和乐的中华文化精髓。

佛学教育源远流长

奉化雪窦山的佛教教育源远流长。民国时期的雪窦寺住持太虚大师一生致力于佛教教育,在国内外有深远的影响。二十世纪三十年代,太虚大师在担任雪窦寺方丈期间,举办过农民读书夜校,同时把信众学修纳入“雪窦附属佛事”的规章制度中。在太虚大师的影响下,雪窦山东麓法昌寺还创办过“女子佛学院”。

布袋和尚将弥勒文化变成人们都能接受并喜欢的语言,向人们传播欢喜、宽容、智慧的理念。如脍炙人口的《布袋偈》:“行也布袋,坐也布袋。放下布袋,何等自在”。2007年,奉化市向全社会征集新时期“奉化精神”表述语,最终选定“开明开拓,和谐和乐”作为奉化精神的集中概括,充分体现了弥勒文化和乐、欢喜的精神实质,得到了市民的广泛认同。

2013年12月,国家宗教事务局正式批准设立浙江佛学院(筹)。

2014年5月17日浙江佛学院(筹)在奉化溪口揭牌成立。浙江佛学院为4年制全国性佛教高等院校,由浙江省佛教协会主办,下设雪窦山弥勒佛学院、温州佛学院、天台宗佛学院3所相对独立的分院。雪窦山弥勒佛学院的前身就是浙江佛教协会会长、奉化雪窦山资圣禅寺方丈怡藏大和尚在1995年创办的“雪窦寺弥勒僧伽培训班”。怡藏大和尚现出任浙江佛学院院长。

浙江佛学院以培养造就政治上拥护中国共产党领导,热爱社会主义祖国,学识上能绍隆佛种,续佛慧命,有志奉献佛教事业的德才兼备的僧才为目标。浙江佛学院设置为本科学历,设学制4年,课程安排必修课18门,选修课7门。必修课设佛教、社会两类课程,其中佛教课程包括《佛教史》、《弥勒思想概论》、《禅宗概论》等。浙江佛学院下设弥勒学院、丛林管理学院、居士教育学院、研究生院等4个学院和彌勒文化(太虚思想)研究中心、两岸佛教交流中心。规划在校本科学僧人数200人,并适时面向全国招收攻读硕士学位研究生,培养研究型、学术型的僧侣人才。

弥勒文化中外交流

2017年既是布袋和尚圆寂1100周年,又是中国佛教现代化奠基人太虚大师圆寂70周年。浙江佛学院专门举办了“人间佛教与中国佛教现代化”太虚大师圆寂70周年纪念国际学术研讨会。

努力开展与海内外宗教界及教育机构的弥勒文化交流也是浙江佛学院的教学任务之一。学院与中国人民大学、中国社科院、浙江大学、南京大学等多家国内高等院校研究机构及佛光大学等台湾地区佛教院校、泰国摩诃朱拉隆功大学等都建立了长期合作关系,开展弥勒文化、太虚文化交流活动。联合台湾佛光大学佛教研究中心、台湾佛光山人间佛教研究院、浙江大学佛教文化研究中心等单位举办中国弥勒文化及太虚大师思想学术研讨会,来自海峡两岸及美国、韩国、马来西亚等国的众多专家学者和宗教界人士环绕“雪窦名山”这一宗旨,以布袋和尚与弥勒的关系、弥勒信仰中国化对佛教在中国发展的影响、弥勒文化的精神内涵、人间佛教思潮在台湾的发展等为主要议题展开研讨,成果丰硕。endprint

在佛學院成立之初,浙江佛学院(筹)院长怡藏就和台湾佛光大学研究发展处处长、文学系主任谢大宁教授代表各自的学校,签署了两校校际合作框架协议。协议遵循“优势互补、资源共享、互惠互利、共同发展”原则,努力通过双方的交流与合作,促进大陆与台湾之间的佛教文化交流,弘扬中华民族传统文化,增进两岸文化共识,扩大两岸民众共信,并借此平台,加强扩大两岸之间各方面的交流与合作。两校将开展互访、学术讲座、合作研究、文献互借、特色数据库的交流与共享等一系列有助于双方教学、研究及发展的文化交流活动。

Zhejiang Institute Promotes Buddhism and Cultural Exchanges

By Qiu Mingliang, Shan Lingchen

On the morning of August 8, 2017, a giant hoist slowly and gently placed a huge stone seal engraved with on the lawn in front of Zhejiang Institute of Buddhism in Fenghua, a county-level city under the jurisdiction of Ningbo in the east of Zhejiang Province. The monumental seal weighs 50 tons and measures 6 meter in height and 3 meters in width. The giant stone was the final touch to the infrastructure construction of the institute. The sutra was engraved by Ten Zhenfei, a young member of Xinling Seal Art Society based in Hangzhou. The sutra in Chinese was translated by Xuan Zhuang of the Tang Dynasty (618-907). The 268-word text is considered as the best Chinese translation of the Buddhism classic.

The institute is located in Xikou near Xuedou Mountain, which is the home temple of Maitreya, a bodhisattva who, according to Buddhist tradition, will appear on Earth in the future, achieve complete enlightenment, and teach the pure dharma. According to scriptures, Maitreya will be a successor to the present Buddha. Xuedou Temple in the mountain, founded more than 1,700 years ago, is a key chapter in the history of Buddhism in China.

Maitreya in the original Buddhism in India looks different from its counterpart in China. The image of Maitreya Chinese have known over the past ten centuries is based on a monk in Fenghua.

In the years after the Tang Dynasty crashed, a monk in Fenghua was seen frequently wandering about and carrying cloth bags with him. He laughed a lot and was humorous. He visited Xuedou Temple frequently. When he was about to die, he cited a short poem, declaring that Maitreya was always with everyone without them knowing who he actually was. After he passed away, people realized that the monk was the reincarnation of Maitreya. A stone mason engraved the monks image onto a huge stone. Gradually, the Monk of Cloth Bags, with a large belly and a huge toothy smile, became a familiar image among Chinese Buddhists and replaced the original image of Maitreya of India.

In the 20th century, Xuedou Temple was recognized as the home court of Maitreya. In 2008, a giant bronze statue of Maitreya was installed on a slope of Xuedou Mountain. Situated at a spot 369 meters above sea level, the bronze statue measures 33 meters in height, the lotus seat 9 meters in height, the foundation 14.74 meters in height. It is the worlds biggest sitting statue of Maitreya.endprint

The temple has been engaged in education for a long time. Master Taixu, the abbot of Xuedou Temple in the first half of the 20th century, dedicated himself to Buddhism as well as Buddhist education. In the 1930s, he set up a night school to teach local farmers how to read and write. Fachang Temple in the east of Xuedou Mountain set up a school for female believers.

In 1995, the current abbot Master Yicang set up a training school at Xuedou Temple, training disciples about Maitreya. In December 2013, the founding of Zhejiang Institute of Buddhism received the approval of the State Administration of Religious Affairs. In May 2014, the institute was unveiled. The institute is under the leadership of Zhejiang Buddhism Association and has three campuses respectively in Xuedou Mountain, Wenzhou and Tiantai. Abbot Yicang serves as the president of the institute.

The institute offers a four-year higher education for young Buddhists. Students are required to study 18 compulsory courses and 7 elective courses before their graduation. The institute offers three majors and runs a graduate course. It also operates two centers respectively for Buddhism-related exchanges and for Maitreya studies. It plans to enroll 200 four-year Buddhists. In the future, it will enroll graduate students from all over the country.endprint

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