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CFRP筋拉伸强度预测模型评价及应用

2017-10-17杨勇新岳清瑞

材料工程 2017年10期
关键词:公称碳纤维典型

王 彬,杨勇新,岳清瑞,曾 滨

(中冶建筑研究总院有限公司,北京 100088)

CFRP筋拉伸强度预测模型评价及应用

王 彬,杨勇新,岳清瑞,曾 滨

(中冶建筑研究总院有限公司,北京 100088)

在初步建立CFRP筋拉伸强度预测模型基础上,对该模型典型因子影响材料强度权重进行研究评价,根据结果提出CFRP筋制备过程中强度补偿机制。结果表明:典型因子碳纤维拉伸强度(σf)和体积分数(Vf)对CFRP筋拉伸强度影响最为显著(影响率为39.1%~46.7%和43.5%~52.6%),是决定CFRP筋拉伸性能的最重要因素。公称直径(D)对CFRP筋拉伸强度存在一定程度影响(影响率7.1%~15.4%)。基体树脂强度(σm)对CFRP筋拉伸强度影响不明显(影响率0.3%~1.0%),相比其他三种因素,可近似忽略。依据预测模型典型因子强度补偿规律,可较方便推测CFRP筋组分碳纤维强度及体积分数参数。

CFRP筋;拉伸强度;预测;评价

Abstract: Based on the prediction formula of tensile strength for CFRP bars, weight of influence of the typical factors on material strength was evaluated, and the mechanism of intensity compensation in the process of preparing CFRP bar was proposed. The results show that the effect of typical factors of carbon fiber tensile strength and volume fraction effect on the tensile strength of CFRP bars is most significant (influence rate:39.1%-46.7% and 43.5-52.6%). They are the most important factors that determine the tensile properties of CFRP bars. Nominal diameter has a certain effect on the tensile strength of CFRP bars (influence rate: 7.1%-15.4%). Influence of resin matrix strength on the tensile strength of the CFRP bar is not obvious (influence rate: 0.3%-1.0%). Compared to the other three factors, the influence of the tensile strength of resin can be nearly neglected. According to the intensity compensation rule of the typical factors, the strength and volume fraction of carbon fiber in CFRP bars can be easily inferred.

Keywords:CFRP bars;tensile strength;prediction;evaluation

碳纤维增强复合材料筋(CFRP筋)具有优异的力学性能和耐腐蚀特性,在桥梁、岩土、隧道、岛礁等工程建设领域,作为新型结构材料,可部分代替钢筋,应用前景良好,受到国内外专家学者的普遍关注[1-3]。

目前我国CFRP筋产品规格型号繁多,质量悬殊较大,深入推进其在工程建设领域的规范、安全应用具有诸多困难[4-5]。

基于经典复合材料混合理论,结合实验研究提出的CFRP筋拉伸强度预测模型σ=0.95×[σfVf+σm(1-Vf)]-B×D[6],为工程设计应用提供了材料制备的有效指导。在此基础上,本工作借助大数据分析手段,结合归一化处理方法,对该模型的典型因子影响权重进行研究评价,提出典型因子影响的CFRP筋强度补偿机制及产品组分参数预测评估方法建议,以期为调控低成本高强度质量稳定的CFRP筋制备生产以及工程应用的高效检测评估提供理论基础。

1 典型因子对CFRP筋拉伸强度的影响权重研究

CFRP筋拉伸强度预测模型:σ=0.95×[σfVf+σm(1-Vf)]-B×D,其中σf,Vf分别表示碳纤维拉伸强度和体积分数;σm为基体树脂拉伸强度;D为CFRP筋公称直径;B为由直径D带来的强度折损系数(B一般在34~40MPa/mm)[6]。

以CFRP筋拉伸强度预测模型为基础,深入研究典型因子对CFRP筋拉伸强度的影响权重。这里,对典型因子影响的CFRP筋拉伸强度变化进行归一化处理,以建立不同量纲典型因子影响材料强度权重的可比关系。

定义σ′为归一化处理后CFRP筋拉伸强度变化率,即:

(1)

式中:σmax和σmin分别表示改变一种典型因素的指标参数,对应CFRP筋拉伸强度预测最大值和最小值。则该模型中典型因子对CFRP筋拉伸强度的影响权重,可借助σ′进行比较。

1.1碳纤维拉伸强度σf

依据式(1),改变碳纤维拉伸强度σf,对应CFRP筋拉伸强度变化率:

(2)

式中:A是σm,Vf,D三种因素的共同函数,影响碳纤

依据目前市场常规CFRP筋组分参数指标值范围,其中:碳纤维拉伸强度σf为3600~4900MPa,碳纤维体积分数Vf为50%~70%,基体环氧树脂拉伸强度σm为42~70MPa,CFRP筋公称直径D为6~12mm,直径折损系数B取34MPa/mm,则:

(1)当基体树脂拉伸强度σm=70MPa,碳纤维体积分数Vf=70%,CFRP筋公称直径D=6mm时,A取最大值:

取碳纤维拉伸强度σfmax=4900MPa,σfmin=3600MPa,则:

(2)当基体树脂拉伸强度σm=42MPa,碳纤维体积分数Vf=50%,CFRP筋公称直径D=12mm时,A取最小值:

1.2碳纤维体积分数Vf

依据式(1),改变碳纤维体积分数Vf,对应CFRP筋拉伸强度变化率:

(3)

(4)

(1)当基体树脂拉伸强度σm=70MPa,碳纤维拉伸强度σf=3600MPa时,A取最大值:

(2)当基体树脂拉伸强度σm=42MPa,碳纤维拉伸强度σf=4900MPa时,A取最小值:

(5)

取碳纤维体积分数Vfmax=70%,Vfmin=50%

1.3 CFRP筋公称直径D

依据式(1),改变公称直径D,对应CFRP筋拉伸强度变化率:

(6)

(1)当碳纤维拉伸强度σf=4900MPa,碳纤维体积分数Vf=70%,基体树脂拉伸强度σm=70MPa时,A取最大值:

Amax=0.95×[σfVf+σm(1-Vf)]= 0.95×[4900×70%+70×(1-70%)]=3278

(2)当碳纤维拉伸强度σf=3600MPa,碳纤维体积分数Vf=50%,基体树脂拉伸强度σm=42MPa时,A取最小值:

Amin=0.95×[σfVf+σm(1-Vf)]= 0.95×[3600×50%+42×(1-50%)]=1730

1.4基体树脂拉伸强度σm

依据式(1),改变基体树脂σm,对应CFRP筋拉伸强度变化率:

(7)

(1)当碳纤维拉伸强度σf=4900MPa,碳纤维体积分数Vf=70%,CFRP筋公称直径D=6mm时,A取最大值:

取基体树脂σmmax=70MPa,σmmin=42MPa,则

(2)当碳纤维拉伸强度σf=3600MPa,碳纤维体积

分数Vf=50%,CFRP筋公称直径D=12mm时,A取最小值:

2 典型因子对CFRP筋拉伸强度的影响权重评价

依据典型因子对CFRP筋拉伸强度的影响权重研究,对各因子影响权重指标进行综合评价。

图1 CFRP筋拉伸强度预测模型几种典型因子影响权重Fig.1 Weight of influence for some typical factors in the tensile strength prediction model of CFRP bars

图2收集了国内外文献报道中涉及实验室制备研究及工程化规模生产的大量CFRP筋实测性能参数[7-40],对预测模型中典型因子影响材料强度权重进行大数据分析评价。

图2 文献报道CFRP筋性能指标[7-40]Fig.2 Properties of CFRP bars in the literatures[7-40]

定义ψ为CFRP筋拉伸强度分布率,即在一定拉伸强度范围内出现样本数占总样本数的概率,则

(8)

其中N为总样本数,n为在确定范围内出现样本数。

以CFRP筋拉伸强度σ≤1500MPa定义为Ⅰ级范围;1500MPa<σ≤2500MPa为Ⅱ级;σ>2500MPa为Ⅲ级,围绕图2数据,分别计算不同范围CFRP筋拉伸强度分布率,主要规律如图3所示。

图3 CFRP筋拉伸强度分布规律Fig.3 Distribution of the tensile strength for CFRP bars

图3结果较清晰地显示,碳纤维拉伸强度σf及体积分数Vf指标对CFRP筋拉伸强度影响最为显著,基本决定了CFRP筋的拉伸强度范围。其中,Ⅰ级(σ≤1500MPa)强度范围的CFRP筋,分布律相对较低,主要为碳纤维拉伸强度3600MPa,纤维体积分数55%的CFRP筋;Ⅲ级(σ>2500MPa)强度范围的CFRP筋,分布律最低,主要为碳纤维拉伸强度4900MPa,体积分数60%~70%,公称直径10mm以下的CFRP筋;Ⅱ级(1500MPa<σ≤2500MPa)强度范围的CFRP筋,其碳纤维强度、体积分数及公称直径指标一定范围内有较大可选性,影响Ⅱ级CFRP筋强度分布率显著高于其他两级。

表1 不同公称直径CFRP筋拉伸强度的差异Table 1 Difference of tensile strength of CFRP bars with different nominal diameters

3 CFRP筋拉伸强度补偿机制及产品组分参数预测评估

综合CFRP筋拉伸强度预测模型,以及典型因子对CFRP筋拉伸强度影响权重规律研究,可以较清晰地形成一套CFRP筋制备过程强度补偿机制,如图4所示。

图4 不同CFRP筋拉伸强度典型因子强度补偿关系Fig.4 Intensity compensation relationship with some typical factors for the tensile strength of CFRP bars

图4分类整理了碳纤维强度、体积分数、CFRP筋公称直径(这里忽略树脂拉伸强度)等典型参数设计匹配与CFRP筋宏观拉伸强度的关联关系(其中公称直径对CFRP筋拉伸强度的折损影响限值由红色线条进行标注)。不同级别的CFRP筋强度补偿机制存在一定差别。

处于Ⅰ级强度范围(σ≤1500MPa)的CFRP筋,使用碳纤维拉伸强度为3600MPa,纤维体积分数55%以下。改变公称直径,CFRP筋拉伸强度一般不超过2500MPa,补偿效果不明显。

处于Ⅱ级强度范围(1500MPa<σ≤2500MPa)的CFRP筋,碳纤维强度、体积分数及公称直径参数存在一定范围的补偿关系:(1)拉伸强度一定的碳纤维,体积分数每增加5%,对应CFRP筋拉伸强度增长率约10%以上;(2)碳纤维体积分数一定时,可选用三类不同强度碳纤维对材料的性能进行补偿,纤维强度每提升一级,对应CFRP筋拉伸强度增长率约18%以上;(3)增大公称直径,CFRP筋拉伸强度会有一定损失,影响程度由直径折损系数B决定。受CFRP生产技术等条件影响,B值存在一定波动。依据目前统计结果,公称直径对CFRP筋拉伸强度的折损率约为10%左右。因此可以选用强度低、体积分数大或强度高、体积分数小的碳纤维原料对CFRP筋拉伸强度目标值进行设计匹配;在较大直径CFRP筋拉伸强度设计中,须考虑大直径对CFRP筋拉伸强度折损的影响,选择碳纤维强度、体积分数匹配目标值应高于设计值10%以上,从而综合达到满足性能要求且降低生产成本的效果。

处于Ⅲ级强度范围(σ>2500MPa)的CFRP筋,使用碳纤维拉伸强度为4900MPa,体积分数60%以上。根据补偿机制,当碳纤维拉伸强度为4200MPa时,增加纤维体积含量达70%、公称直径≤8mm时,其拉伸强度也能达到2500MPa以上。

CFRP筋产品的组分参数预测,基于碳纤维强度及体积分数对CFRP筋拉伸强度的影响远大于其他因素的研究规律,已知CFRP筋拉伸强度、公称直径及体密度,对照图4典型因子强度补偿规律,可较方便地推测其组分碳纤维强度及体积分数参数。

4 结论

(1)CFRP筋拉伸强度预测模型σ=0.95×[σfVf+σm(1-Vf)]-B×D综合揭示了碳纤维及基体树脂拉伸强度(σf,σm)、碳纤维体积分数(Vf),以及CFRP筋公称直径(D)等四种典型因素对材料宏观拉伸强度的影响关系,对实际工程应用具有较优的适用性。

(2)CFRP筋拉伸强度预测模型中典型因子碳纤维拉伸强度(σf)和体积分数(Vf)变化对材料宏观拉伸强度影响最为重要(影响率为39.1%~46.7%和43.5%~52.6%),是决定CFRP筋拉伸强度的最重要因素。随着公称直径(D)增大,CFRP筋拉伸强度会有一定损失,影响率由直径折损系数B决定,一般为7.1%~15.4%)。基体树脂强度(σm)对CFRP筋的拉伸强度影响不明显(影响率为0.3%~1.0%),相比其他三种影响因素,树脂拉伸强度的影响可近似忽略。

(3)已知CFRP筋拉伸强度、公称直径及体密度,对照预测模型典型因子强度补偿规律,可较方便地推测其组分碳纤维强度及体积分数参数。

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(本文责编:解 宏)

Evaluation and Application of Tensile Strength Prediction for CFRP Bars

WANG Bin,YANG Yong-xin,YUE Qing-rui,ZENG Bin

(Central Research Institute of Building and Construction Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 100088,China)

10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2015.001435

TQ327.3

A

1001-4381(2017)10-0117-07

国家高技术研究发展计划项目(2012AA03A204)

2015-11-24;

2016-04-07

王彬(1984-),女,工程师,博士,主要从事高性能纤维增强复合材料方向研究,联系地址:北京市海淀区西土城路33号中冶建筑研究总院有限公司2#504检测中心研发部(100088),E-mail:mccwangbin@126.com

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