例析语法填空解题技巧
2017-09-23龚磊吴利群
龚磊+吴利群
语法填空题的测试重点在于考查同学们能否将中学阶段所学的语言知识运用到实际的英语读写活动中去。在此笔者结合2017年的语法填空题跟同学们谈一谈语法填空的解题技巧。
语法填空试题基本上涉及了中学阶段所学的各类语法项目,而且考点分布比较均衡。从设题方式来看,分为给出提示词和不给出提示词两类。
无提示词
这种形式主要考查同学们对语篇的理解、对逻辑关系的把握以及对固定搭配和常见句式的掌握程度。考查的内容主要是冠词、介词、代词、情态动词、连词、连接代/副词、关系词和句式。因为没有提示词,所以同学们需要根据短文大意、上下文的逻辑关系和对一些长难句的结构分析来判断设空处在句中的功能,从而界定其词性,确定其意义,最后确定其内容。
1. 根据句意及固定搭配解题
同学们应该先根据句意推断出设空处的具体意思,然后再根据熟记的短语来确定要填的词。这要求同学们在学习的过程中注意对短语的归纳、比较和记忆。
例1 (2017·全国卷Ⅰ) This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) 61 a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
解析 as。句意:作为治疗心脏病的一种方法,这种由医学界产生的趋势有着一些意想不到的负面影响。故应填入介词as。
例2 (2017·全国卷Ⅰ) They are required 63 , (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.
解析 to process。本题考查固定搭配require sb. to do sth.,故应用process的不定式结构。原题使用了被动语态,故同学们答题时应注意不要被迷惑了。
2. 根据上下文提示解题
有时可以根据设空处上下文中的某些关键词或短语推断出所要填的词。有的直接明了,一眼就能看出;有的暗含其中,需要仔细推理判断。
例3 (2017·全国卷Ⅱ) However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using 67 every day.
解析 it。本题句意:然而,铁路被快速证明是一大成功,六个月内,超过25000人每天使用它。第67空应指代前文中的railway, 故答案为it。
3. 通过分析句子结构解题
做语法填空题时,经常会碰到一些长难句。这时,我们首先要抓住句子的主干,然后再分析其他部分,这样解题的过程就清晰很多。
例4 (2017·全国卷Ⅲ) But Sarah, 44 has taken part in shows along with top models wants 45 ,(prove) that she has brains as well as beauty she is determined to carry on with her 46 (educate).
解析 who。第44空解题的关键在于找到句子的主干部分,即Sarah wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty ...。 44 has taken part in shows along with top models應为主语Sarah的定语从句,故答案为who, 指代主语Sarah。又因为是非限制性定语从句,故不可使用that。
有提示词
这种考查形式主要考查词性转换、名词单复数变化、形容词或副词的比较级与最高级变化、动词的时态和语态(含主谓一致)以及动词的非谓语形式。同样,我们先判断设空处在句中的功能,再确定该用什么形式。
1. 提示词是动词
动词的变化是语法填空题考查的重点之一,也是同学们容易出错的地方,所以平时应多加练习。提示词为动词时可能考查谓语动词、非谓语动词或词性变化(动词变为名词)等。
例5 (2017·全国卷Ⅲ) Sarah says, “My dad thinks I should take the offer now. But at the moment, school 49 (come) first.
解析 comes。本空应填谓语动词,主语为school单数,全句时态为现在时,故答案为comes。
例6 (2017·全国卷Ⅰ) ... by 68 (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.
解析 eating。根据介词by可断定答案为eating。
例7 (2017·全国卷Ⅲ) Sarah 43 (tell) that she could be Britains new supermodel earning a million dollars in the new year.endprint
解析 has been told/was told。本题根据句意,Sarah应为“被告知”,考虑到全文時态,故答案为has been told或was told。
例8 (2017·全国卷Ⅱ) This development was only possible with the 69 (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts.
解析 introduction。句意:随着电动机和电梯的引入,这种发展成为唯一可能。故应将动词introduce变为名词形式。
点拨 考查谓语动词时需考虑时态、语态、主谓一致等;考查非谓语动词时需考虑用动词-ing形式、过去分词还是不定式,同时还要考虑非谓语动词的时态和语态。
2. 提示词是形容词或副词
此时可能考查提示词的反义词、形容词和副词的转换、形容词或副词的比较级等。
例9 (2017·全国卷Ⅲ) It is 50 (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.
解析 certainly。空格处应是对形容词fun的修饰,故应使用certain的副词形式。
例10 (2017·全国卷Ⅰ) Even 66 (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.
解析 worse。句意:更糟糕的是,人们吃的快餐食品越来越多。根据句意可知,该题应用bad的比较级。比较级前常用even,far,much,a bit,a great deal等词修饰。
点拨 考查提示词的反义词时需根据文章逻辑判断;考查名词时,需注意名词的数;考查比较等级时,应考虑用比较级还是最高级。
3. 提示词是名词
此时最可能考查的是名词的数以及名词变为形容词的用法。
例11 (2017·全国卷Ⅲ) She has turned down several 47 (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.
解析 invitations。本题句意为:她已经拒绝了几次邀请了。根据句意可知应使用invitation的复数形式。
例12 (2017·全国卷Ⅰ) This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) 61 a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
解析 effects。根据题意,此处应为side effects这一固定的名词短语,意思是“负面影响;副作用”。
例13 (2017·全国卷Ⅱ) The central London Railway was one of the most 70 (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900.
解析 successful。句意:伦敦市中心的地铁是这些新线路中最为成功的一条之一。故应使用success的形容词形式,与the构成固定搭配,表示“成功的事”。endprint