初诊T2DM患者短期胰岛素泵强化治疗后后续治疗方案选择
2017-09-03田雪品翟铁郝凤杰刘海英
田雪品,翟铁,郝凤杰,刘海英
(承德市中心医院,河北承德067000)
初诊T2DM患者短期胰岛素泵强化治疗后后续治疗方案选择
田雪品,翟铁,郝凤杰,刘海英
(承德市中心医院,河北承德067000)
目的 探讨初诊2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者短期胰岛素泵强化治疗后最佳后续治疗方案。方法 选择经短期胰岛素泵强化治疗后血糖控制达标的初诊T2DM患者84例,随机分为观察组、对照组各42例。对照组后续给予口服降糖药治疗,观察组后续给予基础胰岛素皮下注射治疗。分别于治疗前和随访2年时,检测两组空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)及空腹C肽(FCP),计算BMI及胰岛素分泌指数(HOMA-β)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR);同日检测颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度(IMT),计算颈动脉斑块检出率。结果 两组治疗后HbA1c、BMI均低于治疗前(P均<0.05),但两组治疗后比较差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。两组治疗后HOMA-IR均低于治疗前,HOMA-β均高于治疗前,且以观察组治疗后变化更明显(P均<0.05)。对照组治疗后颈动脉IMT高于治疗前(P<0.05),但观察组治疗前后比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组治疗后颈动脉IMT低于对照组治疗后(P<0.05)。两组治疗前后颈动脉斑块检出率比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论 初诊T2DM患者短期胰岛素泵强化治疗后皮下注射胰岛素后续治疗对改善胰岛功能的效果优于口服降糖药后续治疗。
2型糖尿病;胰岛素泵强化治疗;后续治疗;血糖;胰岛功能;颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度
《中国2型糖尿病治疗指南》中明确指出,初诊T2DM患者糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)>9%或空腹血糖(FPG)≥11.1 mmol/L时,应予胰岛素泵强化治疗2周[1]。当患者高血糖症状改善后,可撤除胰岛素泵,改为胰岛素皮下注射或降糖药口服维持治疗。有研究发现,50%的初诊T2DM患者不能通过单纯的短程胰岛素泵强化治疗获得长期的血糖控制[2]。目前对短期胰岛素泵强化治疗后的后续治疗方案尚无统一标准。2012年1月~2014年10月,我们对初诊T2DM患者短期胰岛素泵强化治疗后后续治疗方案的选择进行了研究。现分析结果并报告如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 临床资料 同期选择承德市中心医院收治的初诊T2DM患者84例,男43例、女41例,年龄(49.85±4.32)岁,BMI 24.62±3.10,FPG (5.63±0.80) mmol/L,HbA1c(10.56±1.39)%。所有患者经胰岛素泵强化治疗2周,血糖控制达标。纳入标准:①符合《内科学》(8版)中关于T2DM的诊断标准:FPG≥7.0 mmol/L,餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)或随机血糖≥11.1 mmol/L;②HbA1c>9.0%~<12.0%;③新发T2MD;④入院前未接受任何调脂、降糖治疗;⑤入院后经胰岛素泵强化治疗2周,血糖控制达标;⑥年龄≥18岁。排除标准:①难治性T2MD患者,胰岛素泵强化治疗后血糖控制不佳者;②治疗期间发生糖尿病酮症酸中毒或高渗性昏迷等急性并发症者;③严重心、肝或肾功能不全者;④胰岛素过敏者;⑤合并有甲亢、皮质醇增多症等明显影响血糖水平的疾病者;⑥妊娠或哺乳期妇女;⑦随访期间脱落、失访者。采用随机数字表法将患者分为观察组、对照组各42例。两组临床资料具有可比性。本研究经承德市中心医院医学伦理委员会批准,患者均知情同意。
1.2 治疗方法 两组均予胰岛素泵强化治疗:采用诺和锐0.4~0.6 U/(kg·d),胰岛素泵持续皮下输注;根据血糖水平调整胰岛素剂量,强化治疗时间为2周。FPG≤7.0 mmol/L、2 h PG≤10.0 mmol/L为血糖控制达标。后续治疗:撤泵后,观察组予基础胰岛素(甘精胰岛素)皮下注射,初始剂量为停止胰岛素泵强化治疗时全天胰岛素量的80%,注射时间每日22:00;根据血糖水平调整胰岛素用量,以血糖水平达标为标准。对照组餐后口服盐酸二甲双胍缓释片0.5 g/次、3次/d,根据血糖水平调整盐酸二甲双胍用量,盐酸二甲双胍的最大用量为2 g/d。如仍不达标,加用格列美脲。
1.3 相关指标观察
1.3.1 血糖及BMI 分别于强化治疗后、后续治疗前(治疗前)和随访2年时(治疗后),采集空腹静脉血,检测FPG、HbA1c及空腹C肽(FCP)。其中,FPG检测采用葡萄糖氧化酶法,HbA1c检测采用高效液相色谱法,FCP检测采用化学发光法。同时,测量患者身高、体质量,计算BMI。
1.3.2 胰岛功能 采用改良稳态模型(HOMA)[3]评价胰岛功能,胰岛素分泌指数(HOMA-β)=0.27×FCP/(FPG-3.5),胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)=1.5+FPG×FCP/2 800。
1.3.3 颈动脉IMT检测 血糖检测同日,采用飞利浦IU33高分辨率彩色血管多普勒超声仪,探头频率5~12 MHz,扫查双侧颈内动脉近端、颈总动脉远端前后1 cm,沿血管长轴测量,测量3次,取其平均值作为IMT。IMT<0.9 mm为正常,IMT≥0.9~<1.3 mm为内膜增厚,IMT≥1.3 mm为存在粥样斑块,计算斑块检出率。IMT测量均由同一名B超医师完成。
2 结果
2.1 两组治疗前后FPG、HbA1c及BMI变化 见表1。
表1 两组治疗前后FPG、HbA1c及BMI比较
注:与本组治疗前比较,*P<0.05。
2.2 两组治疗前后胰岛功能变化 见表2。
表2 两组治疗前后HOMA-IR、HOMA-β比较
注:与本组治疗前比较,*P<0.05;与对照组比较,#P<0.05。
2.3 两组治疗前后颈动脉IMT及颈动脉斑块检出率比较 观察组治疗前颈动脉IMT为(0.68±0.14)mm,治疗后为(0.69±0.11)mm,治疗前后比较P>0.05;对照组治疗前后分别为(0.69±0.09)、(0.73±0.06)mm,治疗前后比较P<0.05。观察组治疗后颈动脉IMT明显低于对照组治疗后(P<0.05)。观察组治疗前后颈动脉斑块检出率分别为23.81%(10/42)、26.19%(11/42),对照组分别为26.19%(11/42)、30.95%(13/42),两组治疗前后颈动脉斑块检出率比较P均>0.05。
3 讨论
研究发现,短期胰岛素泵强化治疗对初诊T2DM患者血糖恢复、控制和改善胰岛β细胞功能有积极作用。临床研究亦发现,对初诊T2DM患者单纯给予短程胰岛素泵强化治疗后,后续仅凭控制饮食、加强运动并不能获得长期血糖控制[2]。郭晓蕙等[4]调查发现,我国T2DM患者HbA1c总体达标率低,大部分患者在胰岛素泵强化治疗后仍需积极个体化治疗。
短期强化治疗后,临床替换胰岛素泵继续治疗的药物一般选择基础胰岛素和(或)口服降糖药[5]。甘精胰岛素是长效人胰岛素类似物,体内注射1次,持续作用时间达24 h,能较好地模拟生理胰岛素分泌,控制全天血糖水平[6,7],是目前较为理想的基础胰岛素。二甲双胍是WHO惟一推荐可用于治疗T2DM的首选口服药物,通过降低靶组织的糖摄取,促进糖代谢,继而降低血糖水平[8]。格列美脲是第三代磺脲类降糖药,可用于治疗二甲双胍血糖控制不佳的T2DM患者,效果已得到证实。本研究两组治疗后HbA1c、BMI和HOMA-IR均明显低于治疗前,HOMA-β明显高于治疗前,说明胰岛素泵强化治疗后长期皮下注射胰岛素或口服降糖药均能较好地控制血糖,改善胰岛功能。但观察组治疗后HOMA-β明显高于对照组,HOMA-IR明显低于对照组,提示皮下注射胰岛素较口服降糖药更有利于恢复胰岛β细胞功能,减轻胰岛素抵抗,与以往研究[9,10]基本一致。
心血管并发症是糖尿病最常见、最严重的并发症。有研究显示,颈动脉IMT与大血管病变呈正相关关系,IMT>0.9 mm人群发生心血管疾病的风险明显升高[11]。Chen等[12]研究发现,血糖波动与IMT有关,T2DM患者血糖波动对动脉粥样硬化具有促进作用。本研究对照组颈动脉IMT治疗后明显高于治疗前,而观察组治疗前后变化不大,说明胰岛素泵强化治疗后长期皮下注射胰岛素更有利于阻止动脉粥样硬化的进展。两组治疗后颈动脉斑块检出率比较差异无统计学意义,可能与随访时间较短有关。
综上所述,对初诊T2DM患者短期胰岛素泵强化治疗后,长期皮下注射胰岛素或口服降糖药均能较好地控制血糖水平,改善胰岛功能,但皮下注射胰岛素对改善胰岛功能效果更佳。
[1] 中华医学会糖尿病学分会.中国2型糖尿病防治指南[M].北京:北京大学医学出版社,2013:447-498.
[2] UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS33)[J]. Lancet, 1998,352(9131):837-853.
[3] 阮丹杰,杨正强,王雪琴,等.胰岛素强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能和胰岛素抵抗的影响[J].中国糖尿病杂志,2009,14(7):516-518.
[4] 郭晓蕙,纪立农,陆菊明,等.2009年中国成人2型糖尿病患者口服降糖药联合胰岛素治疗后血糖达标状况调查[J].中华糖尿病杂志,2012,4(8):474-478.
[5] 赵伟,冯晓桃,李双蕾,等.基础胰岛素联合口服降糖药替换胰岛素泵治疗2型糖尿病患者的影响因素[J].广东医学,2015,36(2):301-304.
[6] ORIGIN Trial Investigators. Predictors of nonsevere and severe hypoglycemia during glucose-lowering treatment with insulin glargine or standard drugs in the ORIGIN trial[J]. Diabetes Care, 2015,38(1):22-28.
[7] 马俊花,赵萍飞,孙菲,等.2型糖尿病合并NAFLD患者血清Vaspin水平变化及其与胰岛素抵抗的关系[J].山东医药,2016,56(41):91-93.
[8] 余维巍,李彩萍.甘精胰岛素及格列美脲对新诊断2型糖尿病患者血糖波动的影响[J].中国糖尿病杂志,2012,20(10):755-757.
[9] Chen HS, Wu TE, Jap TS, et al. Beneficial effects of insulin on glycemic control and beta-cell function in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes with severe hyperglycemia after short-term intensive insulin therapy[J]. Diabetes Care, 2008,31(10):1927-1932.
[10] Terauchi Y, Koyama M, Cheng X, et al. New insulin glargine 300 U/ml versus glargine 100 U/ml in Japanese people with type 2 diabetes using basal insulin and oral antihyperglycaemic drugs: glucose control and hypoglycaemia in a randomized controlled trial (EDITION JP 2)[J]. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2016,18(4):366-374.
[11] Naqvi TZ, Lee MS. Carotid Intima-media thickness and plaque in cardiovascular risk assessment[J].JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2014,7(10):1025-1038.
[12] Chen XM, Zhang Y, Shen XP, et al. Correlation between glucose fluctuations and carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes[J]. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2010,90(1):95-99.
Selection of follow-up treatment options after short-term intensive insulin pump therapy in newly diagnosed T2DM patients
TIANXuepin,ZHAITie,HAOFengjie,LIUHaiying
(ChengdeCentralHospital,Chengde067000,China)
Objective To explore the optimal subsequent therapeutic regimen for newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after short-term intensive insulin therapy with insulin pump. Methods Eighty-four newly diagnosed T2DM patients with up-to-standard blood glucose after short-term intensive insulin therapy with insulin pump were selected. They were randomly divided into the observation group and control group, with 42 cases in each group. Patients in the control group were administered oral hypoglycemic agents for subsequent treatment, while patients in the observation group
subcutaneous injection of basal insulin for subsequent treatment. The fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting C peptide (FCP) were detected before treatment and after 2-year follow-up. Moreover, the BMI, insulin secretion index (HOAM-β) and insulin resistance index (HOAM-IR) were calculated. Meanwhile, the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) was detected on the same day, and the carotid plaque detection rate was also calculated. Results HbA1c and BMI in both groups after treatment were lower than those before treatment (allP<0.05), but the differences after treatment between these two groups were not statistically significant (allP>0.05). HOMA-IR in both groups after treatment was lower than that before treatment, while HOAM-β was higher than that before treatment, and the changes in the observation group were more significant (allP<0.05). Carotid IMT in the control group after treatment was higher than that before treatment (P<0.05), but the difference in the observation group before and after treatment was not statistically significant (P>0.05). In addition, carotid IMT in the observation group after treatment was lower than that in the control group after treatment (P<0.05). Differences in carotid plaque detection rate between two groups before and after treatment were not statistically significant (allP>0.05). Conclusion Subcutaneous insulin injection in newly diagnosed T2DM patients after short-term intensive insulin therapy with insulin pump is more effective in improving the pancreatic function than the subsequent treatment with oral hypoglycemic agents.
type 2 diabetes mellitus; intensive insulin therapy; subsequent treatment; blood glucose; pancreatic function; carotid intima-media thickness
河北省医学科学研究重点课题计划(20160307)。
田雪品(1980-),女,硕士,主要研究方向为糖尿病的诊治。E-mail: tianxuepin@163.com
翟铁(1979-),男,硕士,主要研究方向为2型糖尿病强化治疗后后续治疗。E-mail: zhaitienfm@yeah.net
10.3969/j.issn.1002- 266X.2017.28.007
R587.1
A
1002- 266X(2017)28- 0025- 03
2017- 02-12)