直接前侧入路全髋关节置换术假体位置的准确性分析
2017-08-29江文锦朱娉婷张怡元
江文锦 朱娉婷 张怡元
[摘要] 目的 評价直接前侧入路(DAA)人工全髋关节置换术中(THA)假体安放位置的准确性。方法 回顾性分析2012年4月~2017年2月期间厦门大学附属福州第二医院(福建中医药大学研究生培训基地)的296例人工全髋关节置换病例。其中146例采用DAA,150例采用后外侧入路(posterolateral approach,PLA)。全部病例均为初次髋关节置换。评估项目包括年龄、男性占比、体重指数(BMI)、术前髋关节Harris评分(HHS)、臼杯外展角误差值、臼杯前倾角误差值、双下肢长度差异和术后HHS。 结果 DAA组与PLA组在年龄[(56.45±11.41)岁比(57.85±14.1)岁,P=0.83]、性别(60.1%比63.3%,P=0.40)、BMI[(22.9±1.39)kg/m2比(23.37±1.39)kg/m2,P=0.78]、术前HHS[(31±6.87)分比(29.85±7.18)分,P=0.57]的差异无统计意义。与PLA组相比,DAA组具有更小的臼杯前倾角误差[(2.90±1.37)°比(1.00±0.83)°,P<0.05]、更小的臼杯外展角误差[(3.47±1.94)°比 (1.77±1.16)°,P<0.05]、更小的双下肢长度差异[(0.81±0.40)cm比(0.2±0.17)cm,P<0.05]和更高的术后HHS[(92.1±4.86)分比(94.4±3.09)分,P<0.05]。结论DAA THA术中采用仰卧位能减少骨盆倾斜和旋转,明显提高了髋臼组件安放的准确性、减少双下肢长度差异并增加了术后HHS。
[关键词] 直接前侧入路;全髋关节置换;假体位置;仰卧位
[中图分类号] R737.31 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 2095-0616(2017)15-182-04
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the accuracy of the components placement in direct anterior approach (DAA) of total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods 296 patients primary performed unilateral total hip arthroplasties in orthopedic department of The Fuzhou Sceond Hospital Affiliated To Xiamen University (the bases for master degree of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine) from April 2012 to February 2017 were retrospectively analyzed.Among the 296 total hip arthroplasties cases,146 patients were treated with DAA,and the other 150 used posterolateral approach (PLA).All cases were primary hip replacement.The evaluation items included age,sex,body mass index (BMI),preoperative Harris hip score (HHS),the error values of the cup inclination,the error values of the cup anteversion,leg length discrepancy, and postoperative HHS. Results There were no statistical significance in mean age [(56.45±11.41) years vs (57.85±14.1) years,P=0.83],sex(60.1% vs 63.3%,P=0.40),BMI[(22.9±1.39) kg/m2 vs (23.37±1.39) kg/m2,P=0.78] and preoperative HHS(31±6.87 vs 29.85±7.18,P=0.57) between the two groups.However,compared with the PLA group,patients in DAA group had smaller error values of cup anteversion[(2.90±1.37) vs (1.00±0.83),P<0.05],smaller error values of the cup inclination[(3.47±1.94) vs (1.77±1.16),P<0.05],lesser limbs-length discrepancy[(0.81±0.40)cm vs (0.2±0.17)cm,P<0.05],and higher postoperative HHS (92.1±4.86 vs 94.4±3.09,P<0.05). Conclusions Operating in a supine position for the direct anterior approach in THA may reduce the intraoperative pelvic rotation and tilt,which in consequence can improve the accuracy of the acetabular component placement,and reduce leg length discrepancy,and postoperative HHS significantly.
[Key words] Direct anterior approach;Total hip arthroplasty;Component placement;Supine
1881年Heuter首次阐述了髋关节的前侧入路[1-2],随后Smith-peterson改良了入路并首次应用于关节置换,但较多用于非关节置换[3]。近年来,随着外科医生快速康复理念不断增强,直接前侧入路开始被主张常规用于髋关节置换术,外科医生对直接前侧
入路全髋关节置换术的兴趣也愈来愈浓,开展的该入路手术实践也与日俱增[4]。但一个成功的全髋关节置换术(THA)是通过植入规格合适的关节假体并获得最佳的假体位置从而恢复髋关节的生物力学。回顾性分析我院关节外科自2012年4月~2017年2月收治髋关节疾病行单侧DAA THA的患者临床及影像资料,研究直接前侧入路THA髋关节假体位置的准确性,现报道分析如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
共收集296例单侧THA病例。其中DAA组146例,男89例、女57例,体重指数(BMI)平均值(22.9±1.39)kg/m2,术前HHS[5]平均值(31±6.87)分,诊断为股骨颈骨折38例、股骨头缺血性坏死63例、骨性关节炎30例、强直性脊柱炎7例和类风湿关节炎8例;PLA组150例,男95例、女55例,体重指数(BMI)平均值(23.37±1.39)kg/m2,术前HHS平均值(29.85±7.18)分,诊断为股骨颈骨折37例、股骨头缺血性坏死68例、骨性关节炎30例、强直性脊柱炎8例和类风湿关节炎7例。
1.2 手术方法
直接前侧入路髋关节置换术手术要点:所有病例均由全髋置换术实践超过2000例的高年资医生进行。术中采用仰卧体位,以髂前上嵴为参考,向外侧2cm再向远端2cm做一标记,自此沿阔筋膜张肌前缘向腓骨小头方向做一长约8cm手术切口[6]。随后暴露骨直肌和阔筋膜张肌,牵开后可看到旋股外侧动脉的升支,确认后用电刀烧灼。随后切开关节囊,找到合适的截骨水平。如果有必要的话可以术中透视来更好的確定截骨位置。使用摆锯进行截骨,随后股骨头取出后,并充分暴露髋臼。清除骨赘后,进行髋臼的磨锉,试模满意后外展40~45°、前倾15~20°置入臼杯。在臼杯未真正固定前,记录下此时的计划值。笔者建议此时可充分利用仰卧位的优势,使用重力式角度测量仪测量前倾角,使用简易十字架或术中透视确定外展角的度数,并记录好外展角和前倾角的估计值。随后进行股骨侧的软组织松解,松解到位后,将手术床患者耻骨联合的上方后仰20°,下方下降20°,使术侧髋关节保持后伸位,并极度内收外旋。当股骨得到充分暴露后即可开髓、探测髓腔,随后用髓腔锉依次扩髓。合适后可安装试模,复位髋关节,检查髋关节稳定性和双下肢长度,C型臂X线透视观察假体位置和小粗隆位置。
1.3 临床和影像结果评定
根据术后骨盆前后位X线片和双髋CT平扫图像,测量出臼杯前倾角、外展角和双下肢长度差异,并根据随访记录术后1个月的HHS。臼杯外展角误差值为计划值与实际测量值差的绝对值,同理得出臼杯前倾角误差值。
1.4 统计学处理
数据采用SPSS20.0统计学软件进行分析,计量资料以()表示,采用t检验,计数资料以百分比表示,采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
DAA组与PLA组在年龄(P=0.83)、性别(P=0.40)、BMI(P=0.78)、术前HHS(P=0.57)的差异无统计意义。DAA组臼杯前倾角误差值小于PLA组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);DAA组臼杯外展角误差值小于PLA组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);DAA组的术后双下肢长度差小于PLA组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);DAA组的术后HHS高于PLA组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。
3 讨论
THA是髋关节疾患晚期行之有效的治疗方法,能明显提高患者生活质量[7-8]。髋关节置换中有多种手术入路,目前比较常见的是后侧入路[9]。但近年来外科医生对前侧入路的兴趣愈来愈浓。许多外科医生在发表的文章中阐述了其在患者术后快速康复[10-11]、降低住院费用[12]和减少出血量[13]等方面的优势。不仅如此,在髋关节结构、功能上DAA入路表现出了更低的脱位率、更加准确的假体位置以及更加可靠的下肢长度恢复[14-17]。准确的假体位置是减少THA术后并发症的重要影响因素[18]。在本次研究中,在两种入路当中我们均未采用术中导航系统,但不限制采用术中测量辅助工具,也不限制某个患者采用。我们目的是基于两种不同手术体位下,采取术中导航以外的任何办法最终达到尽量准确的定位。
DAA组所有患者利用仰卧位优势,在前倾角定位中我们采用了重力式角度测量仪,仰卧位下患者的冠状面与水平面平行,因此重力式角度测量仪可以精确测量出髋臼磨锉和假体植入前倾角的大小。且在自然平躺仰卧位下骨盆稳定,不易发生旋转和倾斜而影响前倾角定位[22]。即使发生体位变化,仰卧下也更容易发现和纠正。但在侧卧位下术中维持患者体位显得困难的多。理想状态下,患者体位应持续维持躯干冠状面垂直于水平面的标准侧卧位置,而由于髋关节置换手术操作动作幅度和力度较大,患者躯干晃动的自由行程亦较大[20]。此时,骨盆的旋转角度也越大,且术中由于覆盖多层无菌单,不轻易发觉和纠正异常体位[21]。而骨盆的旋转、倾斜对于前倾角判断或包括使用辅助工具测量在内的影响都非常大[19]。在臼杯外展角的测量中,DAA组平躺仰卧位使患者的躯干维持在稳定位置,即使有发现体位偏斜也更容易纠正,更重要的是在平躺下用躯干中线或手术床缘作为参照,去判断1/2的直角显得更符合视觉习惯、更加直观。PLA组中的外展角采用的是重力式角度测量仪,尽管有精确、直观的测量仪器辅助,但躯干无法维持标准侧卧体位仍是外展角定位的主要的影响。当骨盆和肩膀的长径差距较大时,如果不进行准确的布单高度补偿,人体躯干正中线不能保持水平状态,造成了骨盆矢状面的旋转移动干扰了外展角的定位[20,23]。
在評估患者双下肢长度中,患者仰卧位下使术者拥有直观的视觉可以进行便捷、清晰而准确的长度对比[24]。因为在仰卧位下双下肢自然伸直,通过比较踝关节内髁顶点能达到准备判断。而侧卧下,术中为保持骨盆稳定往往采取侧卧双下肢屈曲45度状态,因此很难进行准确的双下肢对比。在C臂X线机透视中,平卧位下双下肢自然伸直时的旋转角度相似,更容易判断小转子顶点到双坐骨连线的垂直距离[25],且此时的骨盆稳定而不发生旋转,对前倾角和外展角的判断也更加准确。DAA中臼杯角度较少偏差和双下肢尽可能等长恢复,减少了术后并发症的同时也提高了患者的HHS[26]。
DAA中仰卧体位维持骨盆在手术全程中较少的旋转变异,是臼杯植入准确性较高的重要保障[27]。仰卧使躯干四肢冠状面与水平面平行,水平面是最稳定、最便捷的参照,更符合视觉习惯的同时,也更方便测量、辅助定位工具的使用,因此,提高了DAA假体置入的准确性。
[参考文献]
[1] Rachbauer F,Kain MS,Leunig M.The history of the anterior approach to the hip[J].Orthop Clin North Am,2009,40(3):311-320.
[2] Nakata K,Nishikawa M,Hirota S,et al.A clinical comparative study of the direct anterior with mini-posterior approach:Two consecutive series[J].J Arthroplasty,2009,24(5):698-704.
[3] Smith-Petersen MN.Approach to and exposure of the hip joint for mold arthroplasty[J].J Bone Joint Surg Am,1949,31A(1):40-46.
[4] Berry DJ,Bozic KJ.Current practice PLAtterns in primary hip and knee arthroplasty among members of the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons[J].J Arthroplasty,2010,25(6):2-4.
[5] Nilsdotter A,Bremander A.Measures of hip function and symptoms: Harris Hip Score (HHS),Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS),Oxford Hip Score (OHS),Lequesne Index of Severity for Osteoarthritis of the Hip (LISOH),and American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons(AAOS)Hip and Knee Questionnaire[J].Arthritis Res, 2011,63(11):S200.
[6] Matta JM,Shahrdar C,Ferguson T.Single-incision anterior approach for total hip arthroplasty on an orthopaedic table[J].Clin Orthop Relat Res,2005(1):115-124.
[7] Lavernia CJ,Alcerro JC.Quality of life and cost-effectiveness 1 year after total hip arthroplasty [J].J Arthroplasty,2011,26(5):705.
[8] Ethgen O,Bruyere O,Richy F,et al.Health-related quality of life in total hip and total knee arthroplasty.A qualitative and systematic review of the literature[J].J Bone Joint Surg Am,2004,86-A(5):963.
[9] Waddell J,Johnson K,HeinW,et al.Orthopaedic practice in total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty: results from the Global OrthoPLAedic Registry(GLORY)[J].AmJ Orthop(BelleMead NJ),2010,39(9 Suppl.):5.
[10] Nakata K,Nishikawa M,Yamamoto K,et al.A clinical comPLArative study of the direct anterior with mini-posterior approach:two consecutive series[J].J Arthroplasty,2009,24(5):698-704.
[11] Restrepo C,PLArvizi J,Pour AE,et al.Prospective randomized study of two surgicalapproaches for totalhip arthroplasty[J].J Arthroplasty,2010,25(5):671-679.
[12] Martin CT,Pugely AJ,Gao Y,et al.A complarison of hospital length of stay and short-term morbidity between the anterior and the posterior approaches to total hip arthroplasty [J].J Arthroplasty,2013,28(5):849-854.
[13] Parvizi J,Rasouli MR,Jaberi M,et al.Does the surgical approach in one stage bilateral total hip arthroplasty affect blood loss?[J].Int Orthop,2013,37(12):2357-2362.
[14] Alecci V,Valente M,Crucil M,et al. ComPLArison of primary total hip replacements performed with a direct anterior approach versus the standard lateral approach:Perioperative findings[J].J Orthop Traumatol,2011,12(3):123-129.
[15] Bergin PF,Doppelt JD,Kephart CJ,et al.Comparison of minimally invasive direct anterior versus posterior total hip arthroplasty based on inflammation and muscle damage markers[J].J Bone Joint Surg Am,2011,93(15):1392-1398.
[16] Moskal JT,Capps SG.Minimally invasive anterior approach with a fracture table for total hip arthroplasty:Letter to the editor[J].J Ar-throplasty,2010,25(7):1171-1172.
[17] Bender B,Nogler M,Hozack WJ.Direct anterior approach for total hip arthroplasty[J].Orthop Clin North Am,2009,40(3):321-328.
[18] Widmer K-H.Is there really a safe zone for the placement of total hip components[J].Bioceram Altern Bearings Joint Arthroplasty Ceram Orthop,2006,249-252.
[19] Grammatopoulos G,Pandit HG,Assuncao Rda,et al. Pelvic position and movement during hip replacement [J].Bone Joint J,2014,96-B:876.
[20] Biedermann R,Tonin A,Krismer M,et al.Reducing the risk of dislocation after total hip arthroplasty: the effect of orientation of the acetabular component[J].J Bone Joint Surg Br Vol,2005,87:762-769.
[21] Zhu J,Wan Z,Dorr LD.Quantification of pelvic tilt in total hip arthroplasty[J].Clin Orthop Relat Res,2010,468:571.
[22] Wirtz DC.One-stage bilateral implantation of a calcar-guided short-stem in total hip arthroplasty Minimally invasive modified anterolateral approach in supine position[J].Oper Orthop Traumatol,2017,29:180-92.
[23] Hayakawa K,Minoda Y,Aihara M,et al.Acetabular component orientation in intra- and postoperative positions in total hip arthroplasty[J].Arch Orthop Trauma Surg,2009,129:1151.
[24] Restrepo C,Mortazavi SM, Brothers J,et al.Hip dislocation:Are hip precautions necessary in anterior approaches?[J].Clin Orthop Relat Res,2011,469(2):417-422.
[25] Gililland JM,Anderson LA,Boffeli SL,et al.A fluoroscopic grid in supine total hip arthroplasty:Improving cup position,limb length,and hip offset[J].J Arthroplasty,2012,27(8)111-116.
[26] Moskal JT,Capps SG.Improving the accuracy of acetabular component orientation:avoiding malposition [J].J Am Acad Orthop Surg,2010,18:286.
[27] Iwakiri K,Kobayashi A,Ohta Y.Ef fi cacy of the Anatomical-Pelvic-Plane Positioner in Total Hip Arthroplasty in the Lateral Decubitus Position. The Journal of Arthroplasty[J].Elsevier Ltd,2017,32(5):1520.
(收稿日期:2017-04-25)