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StanfordA型主动脉夹层中低温停循环手术安全温度研究

2017-08-26汪源周曼玲黄飞

中国医药导报 2017年19期
关键词:主动脉夹层

汪源 周曼玲 黄飞

[摘要] 目的 探讨Stanford A型主动脉夹层中低温停循环手术的安全温度范围。方法 收集2015年1月~2016年10月同济医院收治的Stanford A型主动脉夹层手术患者40例,随机分为低温度组(鼻咽温22~<24℃)与高温度组(鼻咽温24~26℃),每组各20例,在中度低温停循环结合单侧顺行性脑灌注下行手术治疗。观察两组病例的术中术后情况。 结果 低温组体外循环时间较高温组显著延长(P < 0.01),主动脉阻断时间与停循环时间两组差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。两组间TND(短暂性神经系统障碍)和PND(永久性神经障碍)差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);低温组ICU天数较高温组显著延长(P < 0.05);住院死亡率及住院天数两组差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。 结论 鼻咽温24~26℃是Stanford A型主动脉夹层中低温停循环手术合适的安全温度。

[关键词]主动脉夹层;中低温停循环;脑保护

[中图分类号] R654.2 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2017)07(a)-0059-04

[Abstract] Objective To explore the safe temperature range of the moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest surgery in Stanford type A aortic dissection. Methods From January 2015 to October 2016, in Tongji Hospital, 40 Stanford type A aortic dissection patients were divided into two groups by random number table, low temperature group (nasopharyngeal temperature 22-<24℃) and high temperature group (nasopharyngeal temperature 24-26℃), with 20 cases in each group, all patients were given surgery under moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest and Unilateral paraminic brain irrigation. The intraoperative and postoperative situation in the two groups was observed. Results The CPB time in the low temperature group was significantly more than that in the high temperature group (P < 0.01), and there was no statistically significant difference in the aortic clamping time and the arrest time between the two groups (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in TND and PND between the two groups (P > 0.05). The ICU time in the low temperature group was significantly more than that in the high temperature group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the hospitalization time and inpatient mortality between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion 24-26℃ is a more safe nasopharyngeal temperature range in Stanford type A aortic dissection during moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest.

[Key words] Aortic Dissection; Moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest; Cerebral protection

Stanford A型主动脉夹层手术关键在于主动脉弓部的重建,在此过程中,停循环会造成脑部灌注急剧下降[1]。脑部血供丰富,也是最不耐受缺血缺氧的重要器官。故而,弓部重建手术中的脑保护策略至关重要,不仅关系到术后神经系统并发症的发生,也直接影响患者的术后存活率。深低温停循环(DHCA)可保证弓部手术操作视野清晰,同时将全身代谢水平降至最低;结合保护性的脑灌注可保证脑的残余代谢[2]。近年来,深低温的局限性受到质疑,中度低温停循环(MHCA)联合顺行性脑灌注渐被接受为主流的脑保护方式[3]。但在中度低温范围内具体温度采用多少更加安全有利,却并无统一意见。拟通过本研究将安全温度范围进行探讨。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

选择2015年1月~2016年10月同济医院收治的Stanford A型主动脉夹层手术患者40例。全部病例为男性,采用随机数字表分为两组,停循环鼻咽部温度22~<24℃低温组(20例),停循环鼻咽温度24~26℃高温组(20例);A组平均年龄为(56.10±8.94)岁,B组平均年齡为(51.5±9.54)岁,两组差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。患者中合并BENTAL手术7例,冠脉搭桥手术4例。本研究经医院医学伦理委员会批准,所有患者和/或家属均知情同意并签署知情同意书。

纳入标准:①术前经CTA检查确诊为A型主动脉夹层;②年龄18~<65岁。排除标准:①术前有中枢神经系统既往病史或有明确相关阳性症状与体征;②术前脑部CT或MR阳性发现(梗死、出血或脑血管病变);③术前多普勒超声检查提示颈动脉狭窄;④急诊手术。

1.2 设备与材料

SORIN公司STORCERT-S5型滚压血泵机系统、SC型变温水箱;FLYING公司FAF-1动脉端微血栓过滤器、体外循环插管及管道套装;Casmed公司红外脑氧饱和度监测系统。

1.3 手术及体外循环方法

行常规气管插管全身麻醉,术中监测心电、有创连续动脉血压、脑氧饱和度监测、连续血气分析及活化全血凝血时间(ACT)水平。分离显露右腋动脉,并行动脉插管;正中劈开胸骨开胸,于右房置入腔房管建立体外循环。咽温降至33℃后,阻断主动脉后并切断升主动脉,分别于两侧冠脉开口处直视灌注1∶4冷含血心肌停博液(负荷总量15 mL/kg,每30分钟半量重复)。升主动脉近端处理完毕后,进入中低温停循环(低温组:22~<24℃,高温组:24~26℃),同时以右侧腋动脉进行单侧选择性脑灌注[灌注流量5~8 mL/(kg·min)],在清晰视野下完成弓部重建。

1.4 统计学方法

采用统计软件SPSS 17.0对数据进行分析,正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组间比较采用t检验;计数资料以率表示,采用χ2检验。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 术中情况

低温组体外循环时间较高温组显著延长,主动脉阻断时间与停循环时间两组差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表1。

2.2 术后结果

术后脑保护效果的观察指标短暂神经障碍(TND)和永久性神经障碍(PND)比较,两组差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);低温组ICU天数较高温组显著延长,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);住院死亡率及住院天数两组差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表2。

3 讨论

Stanford A型主动脉夹层是一种极为凶险的心血管疾病,致死致残率极高,体外循环下的主动脉弓部重建术是有效的治疗手段。弓部重建阶段的脑血流量改变也是此手术风险的重要因素,脑部对缺血缺氧的敏感性无需多言,如何在此过程中合理脑保护异常重要[4-5]。

低温可以降低组织代谢率,从而让机体安全度过缺血缺氧阶段,是一项重要的脑保护策略。从1978年首例弓部重建手术开始,深低温停循环被作为弓部手术室的标准脑保护手段[6-7]。但随着相关临床实践经验的积累和实验研究进展,过低温度的负面影响逐步被认识,特别是其对于凝血机制的破坏作用[8]。同时脑的选择性灌注技术也日趋成熟,最初的逆行还是顺行的争论已有结果,单侧或双侧顺行选择性脑灌注被证实能较好的满足低代谢状态下的脑部氧耗与营养供应,从而也使对深低温的要求降低[9-10]。目前,虽然还存在一定争论,但国内外主流心脏中心现多选用中度低温(鼻咽部温度22~28℃)联合选择性脑灌注作为脑保护手段[11-12]。但针对于中度低温较宽的范围内,较少有相关研究对具体温度段的安全性进行对照分析;因此,很多中心仍保守的选择趋近于深低温的22~24℃[13-16]。本研究拟通过前瞻性的随机对照临床试验,分析不同温度段的脑保护效果。

TND与PND是术后监测脑保护效果的最为直接的观察指征[17]。本研究中高温度组(鼻咽温24~26℃)与低温度组(鼻咽温22~<24℃)的TND与PND无统计学意义差异(P > 0.05),这也直接表明在两个温度段的脑保护效果无差异。而两组间的住院死亡率也无差异,也进一步证实里这一点,同时也提示两温度段的安全性同样无差异。

如何在两组间选择合适的温度范围是本研究的主要目的。本研究结果表明:高温度组的体外循环时间显著短于低溫度组(P < 0.01),而二者的停循环时间及主动脉阻断时间却无统计学意义差异(P > 0.05),这提示手术操作上的困难程度不是两组间体外循环时间差异的原因。升温时间过长或是低温组的体外循环时间延长的主要原因。而体外循环过程所造成的血液成分的破坏、炎性因子的生成及全身的炎性反应均随体外循环时间延长而加重[18]。Stamou等[19]的研究表明体外循环时间大于200 min是影响患者死亡率的独立危险因子。本研究中,低温组患者的ICU时间较高温组显著延长,这可能与延长的体外循环时间相关。过长的体外循环时间会加剧术后患者炎症因子介导的肺损伤,从而使术后呼吸机支持时间延长,这已被临床实践及实验研究所证实[20]。除了长时间体外循环对血液成分的破坏外,过低温度本身对于机体凝血机制的损害也早被证实,术后的胸腔引流增多也是患者恢复时间延长的重要原因。

本研究结果提示,中度低温高温度段与低温度段具有同等的脑保护安全性。而高温度段不仅在停循环阶段可有效保护脑部机能,较高的温度也可缩短升温时间,减小体外循环操作难度;更能减少过低温度和延长体外循环时间对患者的伤害,缩短恢复时间。据此研究结果,推荐在Stanford A型主动脉夹层手术中选择鼻咽温度24~26℃停循环配合单侧顺行性脑灌注作为脑保护策略。

[参考文献]

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(收稿日期:2017-04-08 本文編辑:苏 畅)

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