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和“成功学清单”说再见

2017-08-03ByEmreSoyer

英语学习 2017年7期
关键词:成功人士水手

By+Emre+Soyer

Who doesnt love a “how to succeed” list? Theyre fun to read and easy to share, which perhaps explains why there are so many of them. And the advice they give often sounds reasonable: The World Economic Forum published a post, in cooperation with Business Insider,1 listing 14 things successful people do before breakfast. It includes items such as drinking water and making your bed. A list that Forbes published claims every successful person shares this quality: “They know when to stay and when to leave.” This list, from Entrepreneur, advises readers to stop seeing problems, and start seeing opportunities; this one, from Inc., encourages readers to give up needing approval and fixating on their weaknesses.2

But as palatable3 as these lists are, they can do damage. There are several reasons why they may be not only useless but also potentially harmful to decision makers, managers, and entrepreneurs.

Evidence is anecdotal4. Most of the advice these lists contain is based on subjective interpretations of personal accounts, not on systematic, scientific analyses. Unless advice has been evaluated through evidence-based methods, you cant judge its validity. In addition, half-baked analyses of anecdotal evidence often blur the lines between cause and consequence. Is someone successful because they avoided meetings, or are they able to avoid meetings because they are successful? A host of behaviors that successful people supposedly share—not caring what others think of them, avoiding meetings, putting first things first, saying no to almost everything—may be luxuries that only the extremely successful can enjoy, and only after they became successful in the eyes of others. Thus some behaviors are what success has brought them, and not the other way around.

Research doesnt always transfer to different contexts. Some lists do draw heavily from research, but academic research is often very context-specific. As often happens with complex problems, the solutions and their applications are more nuanced than the forms theyre presented in and depend heavily on the context and circumstances in which people find themselves.

Failures are silent. In The Black Swan, Nassim Taleb recounts an anecdote Cicero told about the Greek poet Diagoras of Melos.5 When Diagoras was told that praying saves sailors from drowning, he wondered about those who prayed but drowned anyway.

Prayer receives credit for saving sailors because all those who survived prayed. Yet this strategy is utterly useless if those who died also prayed, which is a fair assumption. If everybody prayed and only a few survived, then praying doesnt really matter. It just seems like it does to those who survived and those who can observe them.

This is what social scientists call “survivorship bias6”. Taleb refers to the people who didnt survive as “silent evidence.”These are the outcomes that we dont get to see; their absence leads to a false sense of effectiveness of certain actions. Research suggests that while we are incredibly skilled when it comes to learning from what we can readily observe and experience (such as widely publicized success stories), we are equally incompetent in acknowledging what we dont see (such as vast numbers of obscure failures). This renders us vulnerable to a biased intuition that success is more deterministic than it really is.

In fact, in a situation where there are scores of failed attempts, the more concrete and specific the advice, the more it assumes that the people who didnt succeed are either naive or unintelligent. Analyses based on the successful alone ignore the possibility that many people apply the same strategies but fail.

A key ingredient missing in all these lists, a vital piece of information that decision makers need to judge their actual chances of success, is the base rate. How many people, ideas, organizations entered the game wanting to be successful? How many eventually prospered? The larger the difference between these two figures, the less the value of any specific advice or any version of “common traits of successful people” analysis.

Success is personal. While any given success is specific to a particular person and context, advice often treats it as common and constant, something independent of time and space that we can easily generalize about.

For advice to be relevant, the beginnings, aims, and conditions of those who are analyzed and those who receive the advice should match, at least approximately. Yet our careers, families, social lives, priorities, and visions may differ significantly from those who are hailed as7 successful by a particular expert. Given the things they had to do and give up for success, we might not wish to trade places with them.

Hence, there are opportunity costs to following even harmlessseeming advice. Taken too seriously, it can cause us to make trade-offs that we shouldnt make or to engage in actions that are incompatible with our personality.8 If you decide to get up at 5 AM every morning because a selected group of people does that—but youre actually wired9 to do your best work late at night—then youre hurting your own, specific chances to succeed.

One final caveat10: Its not just personal “how to succeed” lists that suffer from these sorts of problems; its also company-level“how to win” guides. A main reason why is that times change, the world evolves, and technology advances. As a result, most advice for success, especially in business, is going to be obsolete sooner than one would like. The world is always changing. And so are the secrets of success.

Its easy to define a situation as a success or a blunder11 once it has happened. Thats why abilities like recognizing opportunities or knowing when to stay and when to leave seem so magical. One can analyze these episodes in hindsight, with laser-sharp precision,12 but the rest of us have to face them in the uncertain, ever-changing future.

谁不爱读“如何成功”的清单呢?这类清单数不胜数,因为它们既有趣,又便于分享。他们给出的建议听来不无道理。世界经济论坛与商业内幕网站合作发布了一篇帖子,列出了14件成功人士早餐前做的事情,包括清晨饮水和整理床铺。《福布斯》刊登的清单宣称每位成功人士都具备这样的品质:“他们知道何时留下,何时离开”。《企业家》建议读者不要总盯着问题看,而应看到问题背后的机遇。《Inc.》则鼓励读者不要期待他人的赞许和妄自菲薄。

但这些读来好听的清单却也是一把双刃剑。它们可能不仅无用,而且会对决策者、管理者和企业家起到负面影响,原因有以下几点:

证据都来自道听途说。这些清单给出的建议往往是对个人描述的主观阐释,缺乏系统的科学分析。只有基于证据的方法才能验证它们的有效性。此外,对道听途说的消息做片面的分析,常常模糊了因与果的界限。一个人成功是因为他们不参加各种会议?还是因为他们是成功人士所以不必参加?那些被认为是成功人士会做的事——不在乎他人的眼光、躲避各种会议、要事优先,有权拒绝几乎所有事——可能只是特别成功的人才能享受的奢侈,而且是在他们取得了别人眼中的成功之后才有权这样做。所以说,某些做法是由成功本身带给他们的,而非相反。

研究并不适用于所有的情形。一些清单的确是根据分析研究数据得出的,但是学术性研究常常局限于特定场景。一般来说,复杂问题的解决方案和实际操作比其呈现的形式更微妙,并在很大程度上取决于人们当时所处的环境。

失败是无声的。在《黑天鵝》一书中,纳西姆·塔勒布回忆起西塞罗谈到的关于古希腊迈洛斯诗人迪亚戈拉斯的一件轶事。当迪亚戈拉斯听说祈祷可以让水手免于溺水而亡时,他困惑于那些祈祷了却仍未幸免于难的水手们。人们之所以认为祈祷能庇佑水手,是因那些活着回来的水手们都祈祷过。但是出于公平假设,如果遇难的水手也都祈祷了的话,这个论调就站不住脚了。如果每个水手都祈祷了而只有一小部分活下来了,那么祈祷根本没有用。祈祷似乎只对于那些恰巧活下来且注意到这一点的人有用。

社会学家将这称之为“幸存者偏差”。塔勒布称那些未能幸免于难的人为“无声的证据”。我们无法看到这些结果,而这种缺失造成了某些行为有效的虚假表象。研究表明,人们非常善于从易于观察到的经验中学习(如广为人知的成功故事),而我们同样不善于承认自己看不到的事实(如大量不为人知的失败)。因此,我们常常带有偏见地认为成功是命中注定的,而事实并非如此。

事实上,在多次尝试失败后,提出的建议越具体明确,就越可以推导出失败者要么幼稚,要么智力平平。基于成功的分析法忽略了那些同样运用成功秘诀却仍然失败的可能性。

这些成功秘诀清单中缺失了一个关键点,即发生概率,它是决策者评估自己成功几率的重要信息。有多少人和组织带着无数的创意和想法抱着成功的心态投入到一项事业中?又有多少最终取得了成功?这两组数据的差别越大,关于如何成功的特定建议或者各种版本的“成功人士普遍特质”的分析就越没有价值。

成功是个人的。虽然任何一次成功都是不同的个体在特定情况下取得的,但关于成功的建议却往往认为成功是共通的、持续的,它独立于时间和空间之外,我们甚至可以随意概括。

只有当被分析对象的出发点、目标和条件与效仿者匹配,至少大致吻合,关于成功的建议才能有用。然而,我们的职业、家庭背景、社会生活、侧重点以及视野可能和那些某个专家认定的成功人士有很大的差别。想想他们为了成功所付出的和所牺牲的,我们可能并不希望和他们互换位置。

因此,即便是遵循看起来无害的建议也有相应的代价。如果过于在意这些成功秘诀,你可能会做出自己不该做的妥协或是有悖于自己个性的事情。如果你本身最佳工作时间在深夜,却仅仅为了模仿一些成功人士,而决定在凌晨五点起床,那么你其实在减少自己独有的成功几率。

最后声明一点:不仅是个人层面的“如何成功”清单面临这些问题,公司层面的“如何取胜”指南也存在这些问题。其中一个主要原因是时代在变化,世界在发展,科技也在进步。因此,大多数关于成功的秘诀,尤其是在商业领域,过时的速度比你想象的还要快。世界一直在改变,成功的秘诀也是如此。

事后很容易定义一件事情的成败。这就是为什么辨别机遇或把握去留的能力看起来极具魔力。一个人可以用犀利精确的后见之明分析这些事情,但大多数的我们只能在未知、瞬息万变的未来面对它们。

1. The World Economic Forum: 世界经济论坛,是一个非营利性基金会,成立于1971年,总部设在瑞士日内瓦,因每年冬季在瑞士滑雪胜地达沃斯举办年会而闻名(故又称“达沃斯论坛”),论坛聚集全球工商、政治、学术、媒体等领域的领袖人物,讨论世界面临的最紧迫问题;Business Insider:商业内幕,美国一家商业和娱乐新闻网站。

2.《福布斯》(Forbes)、《企业家》(Entrepreneur)和《Inc.》都是美国知名商业杂志;fixate: 专注于。

3. palatable: (想法、方法等)合意的,可接受的。

4. anecdotal: 轶事的,传闻的。

5. The Black Swan:《黑天鹅》,美国金融业人士、风险分析师纳西姆·尼古拉斯·塔勒布的金融理论著作,书中研究了高度不可能事件以及不可预期事件的强大影响力;Cicero: 西塞罗,古罗马著名政治家和演说家。

6. survivorship bias: 幸存者偏差,是一种认知偏差,其逻辑谬误表现为过分关注于人或物从某些经历中幸存,而忽略了不在视界内或没有幸存的人或物。

7. hail sth. as: 称赞,把……誉为。

8. trade-off: 权衡,协调;incompatible:不协调的,不一致的。

9. be wired to: 天生就。

10. caveat: 警告,告诫。

11. blunder: 大错,愚蠢的错误。

12. hindsight: 事后聪明,事后领悟;lasersharp: 精准的。laser是“激光”,有“最准的尺”之称。

阅读感评

∷秋叶 评

笔者在首都机场候机厅的书店发现,上架率最高的图书大都是所谓工商界人士的成功秘籍,往往还配有光盘录像,在书店的屏幕上滚动播放。看那形象与口才,这些企业家个个是卓越的演说家、狂热的“布道者”。显然,常出入机场又渴望成功的中产阶级很容易迷信这个,于是这种图书以及演讲会被推动成一个巨大的产业,图书资料要价数百元,而听一个现场演说动辄数千甚至上万元。我有时纳闷,一个真正成功的企业家哪有时间干这个,大概也不会在乎这点“小钱”,恐怕都是“枪手”所为吧。我们这个社会,尤其是那些已步入小康却并不满足的人们,近些年来热衷的无非是两件事:一、探听成功人士的所作所为所思,恨不得全盘照搬,梦想捷足登上财富榜;二、执著于神秘主义,抛开主流,追逐偏狭暗流,难怪所谓的偏方、秘籍、私房菜甚至方术大行其道。其实,这两者还有内在的联系。选文无疑是给这些人迎面泼去一盆冷水。

当然,过来人的经验之谈并非完全没有参考价值,有时对于刚入门者确有启蒙功效。目前学校比较流行的一个做法是,考上名牌大学的毕业生回校给尚在拼搏的学弟学妹谈高考成功经验,职场成功人士受到毕业大学的邀请回母校办职场讲座,上座率还相当高。曾有人郑重地向鲁迅这位“成功人士”讨教“文章做法”与“青年必读书目”,记得他的回答是“没有,也从未留意过”,“少读,或者不读线装书”。讨教者一定会觉得这个一向被赞为“青年导师”的鲁迅先生的回答是敷衍了事。不过,鲁迅先生的“戏言”中其实含有真意:文章怎么做?见仁见智。西谚说“风格即人(le style, cest lhomme)”,哪能一律?至于读什么书?爱好不同,起点不一,岂能强求?与其開列一通,让人无所适从,还不如干脆不说,以免误人子弟。从古到今,我们从未听说哪位是通过模仿“大师”的文章做法与熟读他们开出的必读书单成为作家学人的。这里似乎可以借用电视里常见的八个字:专业表演,切勿模仿。

周一良先生曾对于著名历史学家陈寅恪先生在史学上的卓越贡献作了如下的“成功学”分析:“非凡的天资,其中包括敏锐的观察力与惊人的记忆力,是头一条。与天资并起作用的,是陈先生博览古今中外之书。第三条是良好的训练,其中包括清代朴学的基础,古典诗文的修养,西方历史语言研究方法的训练,各种语言文字的掌握。最后也很重要的一条是,勤奋刻苦。”这四条,除了第一条“天资”外,貌似都可以借鉴,但真正要像陈先生这样冠绝群伦的,必须是完全而不是部分地具备这四方面条件。周先生没有指出的,但笔者觉得同样重要的一条是——陈先生所处时代的学术氛围。总之,他的成功只属于他生活的时代与他本人的特殊性,不可复制。

诚然,学术上的成功有其巧合的机缘,工商业界的成功背后就更是一部部传奇。成功人士本人现身说法甚至他人在替他作总结时,往往仅留下“可以为外人道也”的部分,并对该部分极力渲染;而那些在成功路上极为关键的几步,因属难言之隐,就被过滤掉了。因此,成功之学,只要是公之于众的,就如同自传,虽名义上是亲历亲为亲撰,但却是极不可靠的。这就难怪经济系、商学院、工商管理学院每年都有大量一流的学生报考,他们在读期间耳闻目睹的工商界成功人士大都并非这些院系出身。孜孜以求,结果都是扫兴而归;而无心插柳,却柳树成荫。如果说实践真能检验真理的话,那么这种规律虽不能说“放之四海而皆准”,但至少具有“颠扑不破”的普遍性,这值得我们深思。

目前的“成功学”,据笔者所知,仅研究成功者的案例,这种视野是极为狭隘的,因为成功者的背后有千千万万的失败者,他们也许做过跟成功者同样的事情,但却被当成了垫脚石。不研究这些人,我们怎能知道成功者的独特性呢?因此唯比较才能得出较为公允的结论。此外,我们还要把“成功”放在一个较长时段里去观察,而不是把暂时的成功当成真正的成功。毕竟,笑到最后的人,才是笑得最好的(He who laughs last laughs best)。

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